Lots of fishery stocks are overexploited and the overcapacity exists in Korean fishing fleets. One of the reasons is technological development, which increases the efficiency of the vessels continuously. The analysis was conducted to identify the change of fishing power index to develop the vessel and gear technology that may have improved the fishing efficiency of the offshore large powered purse seine fishery from 1960s to 2010s. Gross tonnage and horse power per fishing vessel was increased annually. Fishing gear material was changed to the knotless webbing to settle faster. Fishing equipments was modernized and supply rate was also increased. Therefore the relative fishing power index in the offshore large powered purse seine fishery increased from 0.4 in 1970 to 1.0 in 1980, to 1.5 in 2000 and to 1.6 in 2010, but the rate of increase slowed down gradually. The results are expected to contribute to reasonable fishery stock management.

The analysis on the international safety management code (ISM Code) and case of foreign national safety management for fishing vessel was conducted to serve as a basic data on the introduction of safety management system (SMS) for a deep-sea fishing vessel in Korea. As a result, Maritime New Zealand (MNZ) has managed operations of SMS in the maritime rules according to the Maritime Transport Act since 1994. MNZ underwent a safe ship management (SSM), which includes elements applied to shipping companies, ship and verification of the ISM Code for ships, except ISM Code application since 1998. In 2014 the introduction of the advanced maritime operator safety system (MOSS) superior to the SSM by MNZ was promoted actively switch and enforcement. Meanwhile, the safe operation manual of Japanese fishing vessel includes large part of the contents of the ISM Code, and voluntary implementation to fit the realities of the fishing vessel. The law application of SMS for a deep-sea fishing vessel after the newly establishment of the Ocean Industry Development Act to SMS would be advantageous to the schematic management, supervision, maintenance and application and, in 2016 from the implementation of maritime safety supervisor for a deep-sea fishing vessel that the management and supervision through the fishing vessel will be the efficient operation. The configuration of the safety management system in a deep-sea fishing vessel should be included as an element of ISM Code. The introduction of such a system is gradually applicable, such as nationality overseas vessel case study of the ISM Code, and vessels that are excluded from the application will be implemented as autonomous as Japan. The results are expected to contribute to sustainable development in the ocean industry safety culture spread throughout the ocean industry through the enhancement of safety fishing competency and safety management responsibility of fisher.

This study was conducted to get beneficial information of fatty acid compositions and antioxidant resources from safflower genetic resources. The fatty acid compositions and antioxidant activities in 128 safflower germplasm collected from South Asia and Africa were evaluated using gas chromatography and spectrophotometer, respectively. The total oil contents in safflower germplasm were 15.8 ~ 32.2%. The unsaturated fatty acid and linoleic acid were 89.4 ~ 93.3%, and 15.5 ~ 80.4%, respectively. Six accessions (K184652, K184658, K184662, K184671, K185831, and K185832) from South Asia exhibited high oleic acid contents. Variation of DPPH and ABTS activities ranged from 0.8 ± 0.28 to 7.6 ± 0.06 μg ASC mg-1 and from 23.1 ± 1.72 to 134.7 ± 1.25 μg Trolox mg-1, respectively. Total polyphenol contents ranged from 5.1 ± 0.17 to 52.0 ± 1.24 μg GAE mg-1. The antioxidant activities and fatty acid compositions were not different between the South Asia and Africa germplasm, while oil contents of seeds were higher in South Asia germplasm. DPPH values had positive correlation with ABTS activity (r = 0.862**) and total polyphenol contents (r = 0.864**) whereas oleic and linoleic acid showed strong negative correlation (r = −0.998**). Principal component analysis based on oil and antioxidant traits exhibited that the first four principal components together expained 85.0% of the total variation.

The trawl fishery is an important fishery accounting for around 30.0% of adjacent water fishery production in Korea, and the commercial fishing is associated with high rate of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury. The hazard analysis for the fishermen's safety of offshore trawler was conducted to serve as basic data for improving the healthy and safe working environment of fishermen using fishermen's occupational accidents of the national federation of fisheries cooperatives (NFFC) from 2012 to 2014 (n=464). As a result, the occupational accident occurrence rate of large powered trawl fishery was 241.4‰ in east sea trawl fishery, 6.9 times the rate of that. In addition, death and missing rate was found to have very serious level management to 97.7‱ in east sea trawl fishery of death at 6.2 times. The accident occurred in 91.7 to 100.0% was happened at sea. The slipping, others and struck by object and son on occurred more frequently in order in the frequency of accident occurrence pattern. However, the occurrence rate of death and missing did not match the frequency of accident pattern. In other words, slipping occurred more frequently while death and missing risk was not high. The fall in the waters was low while death and missing risk was high. The results are expected to help identify and assess safety hazard occurred in offshore trawlers.

Hundreds of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, migrate from Sakhalin and the northern Kuril Islands to Hokkaido in Japan every winter. During this migration, they may use their roaring sounds to navigate and to maintain their groups. We recorded the roars of wild Steller sea lions that had landed on reefs on the west coast of Hokkaido, and those of captive sea lions, while making video recordings. The fundamental frequency (F0), Formant frequency (F1), pulse repetition rate (PRR), and duration of syllables (T) were analyzed using a sonagraph. F0, F1, and PRR of the roars emitted by captive sea lions increased in the order male, female. By contrast, the F1 of wild males was lower than that of females, while the F0 and PRR of wild males and females did not differ statistically. These results suggest regional differences between the five groups showed that.

The powered purse seine fishery is an important fishery accounting for 19.4% of adjacent water fishery production in Korea, and the commercial fishing is associated with high rate of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury. The hazard analysis for the fishermen’s safety of offshore large powered purse seiner was conducted to serve as a basic data for improving the healthy and safe working environment of fishermen using fishermen’s occupational accidents of the national federation of fisheries cooperatives (NFFC) in 2013 (n=583). As a result, the occupational accident occurrence rate of this fishery was 182.6‰ in all industries 30.9 times the rate of that. In addition, death and missing rate was found to have a very serious level management to 25.1‱ in all industries of death of 17.5 times. The accident occurred in 72.3 to 85.8% was happened at sea. The others, slipping and struck by object etc occurred more frequently in order in the frequency of accident occurrence pattern. However, the occurrence rate of death and missing did not match the frequency of accident pattern. In other words, slipping occurred frequently higher while death and missing risk was not high. And the contact with fishing gear and fall in the waters was low while death and missing risk was high. The results are expected to contribute for identification and assessment of safety hazard occurred in offshore large powered purse seiners.

This paper conducted research on identifying the process of change in fishing gear and organizing the function of periodically-used fishing gear types through net plan and computer simulation by selecting the design of the four types of fishing gear used for the Korea tuna purse seiner in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, which 1,000 G/T class and whose length over all 60 m class. In the late 1980s, the length of the tuna purse gear was 1,939 m and the design depth was 160 m, but currently, the length and the design depth are 2,515 m and 230 m, respectively. As a result of the simulation, the expansion of the fishing gear increased buoyance, sinking force, sinking depth, surrounded area, and purse wire continuously. Recently, the maximum tension of the currently used purse wire of tuna purse seiner is 23.5 tons and is close to 25.4 tons which is the maximum lift capacity of WS454 winch. The way to improve fishing gear should be proceeded to increase sinking speed rather than expand the size of fishing gear.

본 연구는 polyvinyl chlroride (PVC)와 stainless steel 표면에서 B. cereus의 온·습도에 따른 생존율을 조사하고, B. cereus이 오염된 작업대 표면에서 상추로의 교차오염도 조사를 통하여 B. cereus에 오염된 작업대가 상추의 미생물 학적 안전성에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 수행하였다. 작업대 재질별 B. cereus의 생존은 온도 20oC, 30oC, 습도 43%, 69%, 100%에서 각각 노출 시켰을 때, 습도 43%, 69% 조 건에서 24시간 이내에 전체 세포수는 약 3.53~4.00 log CFU/ coupon이 감소한데 반해 포자수는 약 3.00 log CFU/coupon 수준을 일정하게 유지하였다. 한편 온도 30oC, 상대습도 100%에서는 노출 12시간 후에 포자수가 2.29~2.59 log CFU/ coupon정도 증가하였다. 유기물이 작업대 표면에 존재 시, B. cereus의 감소 속도가 느렸다. B. cereus에 오염된 작업 대에 상추를 접촉시키고 상추의 오염도를 조사한 결과, 상 추 표면에 수분이 존재할 때 B. cereus오염된 작업대 표면에서 B. cereus의 이동수준이 상추에 수분이 없을 때 보다 10배 이상 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 B. cereus에 오염된 작업대는 상추의 안전성에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있어 작업 후에 세척, 소독을 통하여 작업대를 위생적으로 관리하는 것이 필요하다.

The aim of this study is to research attributes of fishermen's occupational accidents for investigating the measure of risk control on situational condition in the Korean offshore and coastal fishing vessel. Using data of fishermen's occupational accidents are from National federation of fisheries cooperatives for 2013. The results were as belows; Occupational accident occurrence rate was 29.5‰, slips & trips and struck by object and contact with gear were shown severe occurrence pattern. Occupational accident occurrence rate of offshore fisheries was 130.2‰, coastal was 16.9‰, specially the risk rates were severely high in several type of danish seine, stow net and offshore trap. Death rate by accidents was 10.6‰ and by fall into the water in occurrence pattern was 5.5‰.

1. 환경과 생태위기 2. 온돌에 숨어있는 환경코드 3. 온돌과 관련된 불의 정신세계 4. 온돌의 원점 5. 스스로를깨끗하게 하는온돌민속 참고문헌

Sialolith is a common disease of salivary glands characterized by the development of salivary stones, resulting in the salivary ductal obstruction. The chief complaints of patients with sialoliths are pain and swelling of the involved gland during meals. Most sialoliths are found in the submandibular gland of middle-aged patients. The size of the salivary stones can vary, but most of them are less than 10mm in size, giant sialoliths(larger than 15mm) are very rare. In this case, we report a 68-years old female patient who had removal of a giant sialolith located in left proximal Wharton’s duct by less invasive intraoral surgical technique successfully. We also review related literature.

I whole-heartedly congratulate the commencement of the 12th International Society of Ondol Symposium! This symposium is a very meaningful event being held for the 12th time since the birth of the society on an excellent topic ‘Sustainable Architecture and Healthy Living Environment.” I believe that through this symposium we will be able to increase the opportunities for inter-regional exchanges, examine the culture of environment friendly architecture and ondol’s healthy residence, and further the development and succession of the great invention invented by our ancestors, the ondol culture, by combining the ondol technology and culture succeed for thousands of years with the modern. I would like to thank the presidents JuneBong Kim and ShinHo Rhee, board of directors, other secretariats for their efforts in holding this symposium. I would also like to thank the governor of Jin Cheon-gun, Young Hun Yu, for providing the space for this meaningful gathering! I have continuously argued that, like the traditional culture is argued to be the solution to the current human culture, future human culture’s topic should also be searched within the traditional society. More specifically, the solution is in mankind escaping from a human centered mindset and switching to life centered mindset. The biased narrow-minded self-centered philosophy makes people live in a cage made of nationalism, racialism and culture centralism. The results of these conditions these types of point of views are the severe problems we face today. This type of mindset has influenced the way people consider the environment, and at it’s extreme making the environment ancillary to mankind. It can be said a different form of nationalism has been created through the self-centered mind set making mankind the center of the ecosystem instead of being one of the links of the ecosystem chain. If we do not break this self-centeredness it will be impossible to find the stable equilibrium of the ecosystem. The ancient animism that considered every organism as a living thing has hidden itself beneath modern science, and the respect for nature has been replaced with conquest and exploitation. The solution to environmental problems is only possible when the self-centered mindset is broken and the human disposition that seeks to coexist with other species is restored. The restoration of ecological ethics is the only solution for mankind to live on earth forever. Only when the understanding that, things we use have been borrowed from nature and the future is shared, will we be able to solve the current environmental problems. Only when we look at the ondol culture from this point of view, are we able to get a new perspective on the ondol culture and ondol cultural areas that contribute to mankind’s ecology preservation, peace, and coexistence. The research on ondol culture is not simply on culture preservation or education but in the process of recognizing ondol as a cultural asset, understanding ondol culture’s changing pattern, and ondol’s cultural and economic approach. Thus, productive heritage movement is needed. It is great that the variety of activities and academic research of International Society of Ondol’s is not only in cultural asset protection and succession but also in worldwide aggressive cultural asset protection based on environment friendly advancement of mankind’s life quality. From what I have observed of the International Society of Ondol I feel that it has kept the primordial philosophy of ondol culture and has established the identity and symbolism nested within the Korean peninsula. In other words, it has produced results not only in preserving the original form of the culture and managing the certification of ondol technicians but also in ensuring the broad popular appeal of ondol. I would like to praise the efforts and service of International Society of Ondol fortified by advisor Yubok Hwang, president JuneBong Kim, and president Shinho Rhee. In addition, I believe that the following types of efforts are needed. First of all, an academic system based on natural science and humanities of ondol. More specifically there is a need for the expansion and concentration of researchers and experts to explain the ondol culture’s value and meaning quantitatively and through humanities. Secondly, there is a need for the establishment of the ondol culture’s system and management plan. Namely managing resources by ondol securing the original form of ondol culture and technical certification holders, policy based protection and advertisement. Only then will the regional residents that have ondol cultural asset have the pride to voluntary protect and be in the forefront of the cultural movement. Thirdly, by connecting the ondol cultural asset with policy, contribute to regional economy. This process must be done carefully so that it does not destroy the regional culture and it also the process that protects the natural heritage. A tourism policy and sustainable ondol cultural asset conservation strategy must be established. Finally, a strategically promoted administrative support must be secured. Through long-term administrative support with a vision, a unified regional cultural identity must be established through community services of regional culture lovers, such as teens and historians, and alternative movement and community education on cultural asset succession and protection. For continuous cultural development, there is always a need of awareness and behavioral transition. Thus, the modern understanding of the conservation of culture is not in perfectly conserving it in its original state but the process of keeping its original essence and adapting to the developing times. The academic establishment of ondol leads to the establishment of the ondol culture. Furthermore, links within the concept of ondol cultural areas conservation and development, awareness, practice, education and policy. The problems we face today are not independent of the past. The long gone past has provided for us, who live in the modern, wisdom. In addition, it has opened the intelligent knowledge report that allows for the future. Hence, I have great expectations for the International Society of Ondol since it allows for the experience of the environment friendly lifestyles that our ancestors had. Thank you!

본 연구는 농산물 중 식중독세균 검출을 위한 시료 전처리 법을 확립하기 위하여 전처리용액, 전처리 시간, 전처리용액과 시료의 비율에 따른 회수율을 비교하였다. 이를 위하여 양상추, 들깻잎, 오이, 고추, 방울토마토에 E. coli O157:H7, S. Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, B. cereus를 6.0 log CFU/ cm2로 접종하고 0.1% 펩톤수와 D/E broth로 처리하였다. 또한 처리시간은 30, 60, 90, 120초, 시료와 전처리용액의 비율은 1 : 2, 1 : 4, 1 : 9, 1 : 19로 각각 처리하였다. 그 결과, D/E broth로 처리하였을 때 0.1% 펩톤수로 처리하였을 때에 비하여 전반적으로 식중독균의 회수율이 높았다(P < 0.05). 특히 방울토마토의 경우, D/E broth로 처리한 구의 S. Typhimurium의 수는 0.1% 펩톤수로 처리한 구 보다 1.05 log CFU/cm2 높았다(P < 0.05). 또한 들깻잎, 양상추, 오이, 고추, 토마토와 전처리용액의 최적 비율은 1 : 9, 1 : 4, 1 : 2, 1 : 2, 1 : 2였다. 한편, 처리시간에 따른 회수율의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 통 해 볼 때 농산물 중 식중독균 검출을 위한 전처리용액은 D/E broth가 적절한 것으로 판단되며 표면적에 따라 시료와 전처리 용액의 비율을 결정하는 것이 분석의 정확성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 polyvinyl chroride (PVC)와 stainless steel 표면에서 E. coli O157:H7의 부착, 바이오필름형성, 온·습도에 따른 생존율을 조사하고, E. coli O157:H7이 오염된 작업대 표면에서 상추로의 교차오염도 조사를 통하여 E. coli O157:H7에 오염된 작업대가 상추의 미생물학적 안전성에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 수행하였다. 작업대 표면 재질인 PVC와 stainless steel에 E. coli O157:H7 배양액을 1시간 노출시켰을 때, PVC의 경우, stainless steel 보다 10배 정도 부착력이 높았으나, 6시간째는 두 재질간의 차이가 없었다. 또한, E. coli O157:H7의 바이오필름 형성은 TSB > 10% 상추추출액 > 1% 상추추출액 > phosphate buffer 순이었으며, 재질별로는 PVC에서 바이오필름형성능이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 온도 20oC, 30oC, 습도 43%, 69%, 100% 에서 각각 노출 시켰을 때, E. coli O157:H7은 온도 30oC, 습 도 43%, 69% 조건에서 12시간 내에 약 5.0 log CFU/coupon이 감소한데 반해, 상대습도 100%에서는 농도의 큰 변화 없이 5 일 이상 생존이 지속되었다. 또한, 유기물이 작업대 표면에 존재 시, E. coli O157:H7의 감소 속도가 느렸다. E. coli O157:H7 에 오염된 작업대에 상추를 접촉시키고 상추의 오염도를 조사한 결과, 상추 표면에 수분이 존재할 때 오염된 작업대 표면에서 E. coli O157:H7의 이동수준이 상추에 수분이 없을 때 보다 10 배 이상 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 E. coli O157:H7에 오염된 작업대는 상추의 안전성에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있어 작업 후에 세척, 소독을 통하여 위생적으로 관리하는 것이 필요하다.

목 적: 교육과정의 개선을 모색하기 위해 교육과정의 편성을 분석하였고, 이를 바탕으로 안경사의 전문성과 미래 안목을 기를 수 있는 교육과정을 제시하고자 한다. 방 법: 교육과정의 특성을 분석하였고 전공교육과정의 확대필요성에 대해 서울시, 경기도, 전라북도에서 안경원을 경영하고 있는 안경사 112명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 분석하였다. 결 과: 안경광학과 교육과정은 교양과정이 7개 과목 15학점으로 53개 과목 109학점이 개설된 전공과정보다 비중이 월등히 낮게 조사되었다. 전공기초 6개 과목은 17학점으로 전체 전공과목의 15.5%로 조사되었으며, 전공심화 과정은 47개 과목 92학점으로 전체 전공과목의 84.5%로 조사되었다. 안경사의 전공기초 교과목의 수업시간 확대 필요도는 기초콘택트렌즈가 6개 과목 중에서 가장 높게 조사되었으며, 전공심화 교과목은 굴절검사실습과 하드콘텍트렌즈가 12개 과목 중에 가장 높게 조사되었다. 또한 안경사의 기타의견 제시에서는 안경조제실습의 시수 확대가 38명(33.9%)으로 가장 높게 조사되었다. 결 론: 안경광학과 교육목표인 안경사 양성을 달성하기 위해 교육과정을 설계하고 이를 실천하는 과정을 교육시켜야 하며, 사회가 요구하는 시대적, 환경적 변화를 수용하는 현장중심 교육에 더 많은 시간을 수업할 수 있는 교육과정 구조 변화가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 토마토의 생산 및 유통단계에서의 위해 미생물 오염도 정도를 파악하고 유통과정 중 외부 손상으로 인해 과즙 유출시 미생물의 증식능력을 측정하기 위해 E. coli O157:H7와 L. monocytogenes의 성장을 토마토 추출물 함량(0.1, 1.0, 10%) 및 다양한 배양온도(5, 15, 25, 35oC)에서 측정하였다. 수확단계에서는 APC 작업 종사자의 장갑에서 총 호기성 세균이 7.77 log로 가장 높게 나타 났고, 배양 양액에서 대장균군과 B. cereus가 각각 0.33log 검출되었다. 수확 후 처리과정으로 APC 과정을 거친 토마토에서 총 호기성 세균이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 그 외에 S. aureus, Salmonella spp.는 검출되지 않았다. 재배방법에 따른 일반, 유기농, 무기농 토마토에서의 미생물 분포도의 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 포장 방법 중 봉지 포장제품이 박스 포장제품에 비해 대장균군이 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며 세척에 의한 미생물 저감화 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 토마토 추출물 함량이 높을수록 E. coli O157:H7와 L. monocytogenes의 성장이 높게 나타 났으며, 토마토 추출물 10%인 경우 5oC 조건에서 가장 낮았고, 15, 25, 35oC에서 72시간 배양시 각각 7.33~8.51, 7.73~8.60 log CFU/g으로 증식하였다.