The fatty acid, all cis-δ5,11,14-C20:3, in the Gingko nuts oils, was isolated and, purified by urea-adduct method, silver ion silica gel chromatography and HPLC equipped with reversed phase μ-Bondapak C18 column. Its structural elucidation was conducted by IR and 1H-, 13C-NMR technique. The fatty acid composition of seed oils mainly consists of linoleic acid(37.73%), vaccenic acid(18.30%), oleic acid(15.18%), palmitic acid(3.37%), palmitoleic acid(3.37%) and δ5 NMDB fatty acids(8.50%) in which all cis-δ5,11,14-C20:2 predominates.

General components, amino acids and minerals contained in 7 kind of edible wild grasses were estimated. Samples were collected from the field of Kapyong area, Kyung-ki, Korea. Results of the estimation were summarized as follows ; 1) A relatively large amounts of protein and fat were contained in the edible parts of each sample. 2) The most abundant amino acids in the edible parts of each sample were glutamic acid (26.6%), serine (18.7%), valine (22.4%), respectively. 3) A high level of calcium and iron was found in the edible parts of each samples. Especially calcium was abundant in the leaves of Rumex coreanus Nakai and iron was abundant in the Commelina communis L. Both copper and zinc were abundant in the Sanguisorba officinalis L.

개인 구원과 복음 전도적 선교에 집중하던 대한기독교회는 한국민족말 살정책으로 교회와 신앙을 지켜야 할 위기가 닥쳐오자 결연한 저항 운동을 전개했으며 순교를 각오하고 항거했다. 대한기독교회의 저항은 다른 형태의 저항과는 차이가 있었으나 진리 수호를 위해 실질적이며 구체적(역동적)으로 저항했다. 그러나 이와 같은 저항 역사의 유산은 객관적인 근거가 부족하여 규명되지 않았고 올바른 이해와 정당한 평가가 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 한국침례교는 대한기독교회의 신앙 정체성과 궤를 같이하는 저항 정신을 역사적 유산임을 확인하고 선진들의 용기, 헌신, 희생을 계승하고 물려주어야 할 책무를 위해 대한기독교회에 대한 역사 인식을 정립해야 할 것이다.

본 연구는 충청북도농업기술원 대추연구소에서 보유 중인 대추 유전자원 중 형태적 다형성을 나타내는 ‘일본’과 주요 대추 유전자원의 형태형질을 조사하고, 대추 육종 소재로서 ‘일본’의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. ‘일본’은 주요 대추 유전 자원과 비교하여 엽과 과실의 크기가 뚜렷하게 작고 당도가 낮았다. 하지만 과실에 폴리페놀 함량이 가장 높았으며, 항산화 능력 또한 가장 높았다. 또한 ‘일본’은 종자형성능이 가장 높았다. 대추 유전자원들의 형태형질을 이용하여 분석한 결과, 지리적 기원에 따라 유전자원들이 분류되었다. 특히 ‘일본’은 한국 및 중국 유전자원들과 명확히 구분되었다. 따라서 종자형성능이 우수하고 기능성 성분이 높은 ‘일본’은 추후 대추 유전연구 및 교배육종을 통한 품종 육성에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

대한기독교회가 일제로부터 수난을 당한 원산사건의 원인에는 우태호 사건이 있다. 우태호 사건의 원인을 우태호 개인에게서 찾는 것은 역사적 오해에서 비롯되었을 가능성이 매우 높다. 그러나 이 사건은 사건 전모와 관련하여 규명되거나 해명되지 않은 부분들이 있으며, 특히 사건과 관련하여 특정한 주장들에 대한 객관적인 증거들이 부족한 상태이다. 이는 대한 기독교회의 역사에서 반드시 재고되고 수정되어야 할 부분이다. 우태호 사건은 그 사건의 전말에 있어서나 평가에 있어서 여러 논란들이 있어왔으므 로 이 사건의 발단 단계에서 풀어봐야 할 문제이다. 본 논문은 원산사건의 발단이 되는 우태호 사건의 과정을 재구성하여 그동안 지나치게 한쪽으로 편향된 역사에 대해, 다른 역사적 근거를 제시하여 재평가 하는데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 이에 원산사건에 앞서 발생한 우태호 사건을 재정립하여 원산사건 발생에 대한 바른 이해를 구축하고 한국침례교회 역사에서 우태호에 대한 분석은 물론 그에 대한 정당한 평가를 하고자 함이다.

Background: Recently, jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) has been attracting attention as a fruit, and its cultivation in rain shelter house is increasing to produce the high quality fresh jujube. This study was carried out to investigate the growth and fruit characteristics of jujube according to the types of rain shelter house. Methods and Results: The characteristics of 5-year-old Bokjo cultivar cultivated in 3 types of rain shelter house, multi span rain shelter house with roof vent (Type I), single span house with a column in the center and roof vent (Type II) and single span house with a column in the center and without roof vent (Type III), and open field were examined. The sprouting and blooming period were different among the types of rain shelter house. The diameter of main stem was higher in rain shelter houses than in the open field. There was no a significant difference in fruit number per leaf stem among the types of cultivation. The incidence of fruit cracking in open field cultivation which was 51.2% was much higher than that in Type I 21.6%, Type II 19.3%, and Type III 25.5%. The fruit size and weight in rain shelter houses, especially in Type III rain shelter house were higher than those in the open field and the soluble solids content of fruit in Type I and Type II was higher than in Type III rain shelter house and the open field. Conclusions: The results show that the growth and fruit quality of jujube were improved by cultivation in rain shelter house, and affected by the types of rain shelter house.

Background : The human patch test is a method used to evaluate potential skin irritation after contact with a cosmetic materials. Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the skin safety of GS-E3D in human patch test. Methods and Results : Thirty two female volunteers were tested with GS-E3D. GS-E3D (20 ㎕) was applied to occlusive patch test devices and was then applied onto the back of subject with normal skin for 24 hours. Cutaneous irritation responses were evaluated and graded according to criterion of International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) at 30 min, 24 hours, and 48 hours after removing of GS-E3D patch. The average age of subjects was 47.3 ± 9.3 years. Skin reactivity calculated from irritation score in GS-E3D treated group was 0.51 and skin irritation score of no application group was 0, respectively. Skin irritancy was no response in both GS-E3D treated group and no application group. From above data, GS-E3D was identified as a non-irritant according to ICDRG guideline that skin irritation score of ‘0.00 - 0.75’ is a non-irritant. Conclusion : These results indicate that GS-E3D can be useful as a safe cometic ingredient.

Background : Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the acute oral and dermal toxicity of GS-E3D in rat. Methods and Results : The acute oral toxic effects of GS-E3D in female SD rats were examined at dosages of 300 ㎎/㎏ and 2,000 ㎎/㎏. In acute dermal toxicity study, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ㎎/㎏ of GS-E3D were applied onto the shaved skin of male and female SD rats. The weights of rats were recorded at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days and clinical observation were checked once a day for a period of 14 days. All rats were scarified on 14th day and complete gross examination was conducted to detect any gross change of organs after necropsy. GS-E3D did not produce orally or dermally treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity or mortality in all rats during the 14-day observation period. The oral and dermal LD50 values of GS-E3D were over 2,000 ㎎/㎏ in rat. The oral and dermal administration of GS-E3D revealed no significant change in body weight and gross pathology examination compared to control group. Conclusion : These results indicate that GS-E3D can be used as a food and cosmetic materials without critically adverse effect.

본 연구는 어린이집의 부모교육에 대한 부모와 원장의 인식 간에 차이여부를 알아보기 위하여 이루어졌다. 연구의 대상은 C 도시에 소재한 어린이집의 원장 86명과 해당 어린이집에 재원하고 있는 영유아의 부모 94명이며 자료는 설문지법을 사용하여 수집하였다. 연구결과는 SPSS 18을 사용하여 이루어졌으며 부모와 원장의 인식의 차이를 알아보기 위하여 교차분석과 두 독립표본 t검증을 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 부모와 원장은 부모교육의 필요성에 대하여 인식에 차이가 있었으며 원장들의 인식이 부모들보다 높았다. 부모교육의 주제에 대한 부모와 원장의 인식은 언어발달, 정서안정, 신체발달과 운동기능, 문제행동과 지도, 상호작용 방법, 자녀에 대한 관심과 표현, 부모 스트레스 해결방안, 지역사회 자원과 활용방안, 부모의 취미 및 친목관련 정보, 교육시설 교육활동, 교육시설 행사 및 전달사항 등에 관한 주제에서 차이를 보였다. 운영방법에 대해서는 부모교육을 실시하는 요일에 관한 내용 이외의 모든 항목, 즉 횟수, 소요시간, 시간대, 강사, 프로그램 방법, 홍보방법에 대한 부모와 원장의 인식에서 차이를 보였으며 부모교육을 활성화하기 위한 방법에 대해서도 부모는 도움이 되는 프로그램의 개발로 본 반면 원장은 홍보를 가장 효과적인 방법으로 인식하는 것으로 나타났다.

Background : Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba. Mill) is a broad-leaved shrub belonging to the family Seagull. Its origin is India and its height is about 5 m. The flowers are gathered in two to three in May-June, with five petals and yellowish green. Leaves are alternate, egg-shaped or long egg-shaped, with clearly visible three veins. The fruit, called jujube, is an elliptical nucleus with the seed wrapped in a solid nucleus. It is 2.5 - 3.5 ㎝ in length, green at first, ripened in brown or reddish brown in September-October. Jujube uses the bud mutation to breed and spreads through grafting. Therefore, there is little difference in phenotype between cultivars. However, because of the lack of research on jujube molecular biology, there is no standard to distinguish the variety at the DNA level. In order to overcome such difficulties and to create a research foundation of jujube, we have developed molecular markers from jujube. Methods and Results : We collected 12 jujube varieties include Bogjo and extracted DNA using CTAB method. The DNA was diluted to 10 ng/㎕ and kept at -20℃. We designed the primer sets using CLC Main Workbench based on DNA InDel regions between the varieties. PCR and electrophoresis were performed to confirm the polymorphism. We designed 26 primer sets from 23 InDel regions. Eighteen of 26 primer sets amplified the amplicon from the primer screening. Eight primer sets were selected for polymorphism assays. All primer sets showed polymorphism. The domesticated cultivars were divided into two groups and the Japanese and Chinese varieties were separated. Conclusion : The InDel markers developed in this study could be good tools to differentiate the jujube cultivars cultivated in Korea.

In recent years, not only the cultivation area of Jujube in Korea but also the number of pest species has increased. The farmers farming environmentally friendly are in great difficulty because there are no effective control devices. This study was conducted to investigate the control effect of the insect screen net on three pest species (Apolygus spinolae, Dasineura sp. and Carposina sasakii) in Jujube orchard when the pests were blocked by insect screen net. For the first and second surveys, the damage rates by A. spinolae were 9.06, 13.95% in 50 mesh, 4.75, 10.17% in 25 mesh, 5.68, 11.84% in 18mesh mesh of insect screen net and 21.6, 36.34% in untreated insect screen net, respectively. The damage rates by Dasineura sp. were 0.54, 0.13% in 50 mesh, 0.93, 2.84% in 25 mesh, 1.05, 13.45% in 18 mesh mesh of insect screen net and 11.1, 26.65% in untreated insect screen net. Carposina sasakii were completely blocked in all the treatments. Damages on Jujube were not observed by insect screen net. Therefore, insect screen net is effective on insect pest control for Jujube.

Background: This study were performed to determine the effect of root pruning of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis (Bunge) Rehder. Root cutting inhibit vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth as temporarily reducing growth, net assimilation, water potential of leaf and cytokinin level. Methods and Results: The root pruning was treated of the root cutting widths 50, and 80㎝ and the root cutting depths 10, and 20㎝. The amount of root pruning and the number of suckers were the highest in the root-pruning treatment at a width of 50㎝ and a depth of 20㎝. The blooming time was from June 18 to 20, and no difference was observed in the blooming time among the rootpruning treatments. The number of flowers was rather higher in the root-pruning treatment at a width of 50㎝ and a depth of 20㎝ and at a width of 80㎝ and a depth of 20㎝. The percentage of fruit setting was higher in the plants whose roots were pruned at a depth of 20㎝ than in the untreated plants. The fruit size, fruit weight, and sugar content showed no difference among the root-pruning treatments. Conclusions: The results showed that percentage of fruit setting increased with root pruning, while no difference was observed in the growth and fruit quality of plants.

A new extraction method-heated ultrasonic extraction was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for the extraction of major ginsenosides from ginseng extract; this new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was compared with the official extraction method of Korean industrial standards and standard for health functional food. Methods and Results : Ginsenoside compounds were analyzed for 35 minutes by the new HPLC analysis method using a Halo® RP-Amide column. The new HPLC analysis method was validated by the measurement of intra-day and inter-day precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of each ginsenoside. The correlation coefficients (r2) for the calibration curves of the ginsenoside compounds were over 0.9997 in terms of linearity. The heated ultrasonic extraction method using ultrasonication for 30 minutes at 50℃ yielded higher amount of ginsenosides than the extraction method of the Korean industrial standards owing to the enhancement of extraction efficiency. Conclusions : Compared to the other extraction methods, the heated ultrasonic extraction method yielded a higher amount of ginsenoside Rb1 than Rg1 index compounds for the quality evaluation of ginseng roots.