Hwapocheon stream is located in Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, and a part was declared a protected wetland area in 2017. In 2020 and 2021, we investigated the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates of the Hwapocheon stream to provide ecological information for the management of the wetland. As a result, 4 phyla, 6 classes, 20 orders, 51 families, 83 species, and 2,621 individuals of benthic macroinvertebrates were identified. The average indices of diversity, richness, and evenness were the highest in the midstream area, whereas the highest average index of dominance was observed upstream. Seven biological water quality evaluations based on the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates showed that the Biological Monitoring Working Party was an extremely suitable method for environmental evaluation of the Hwapocheon stream. Regarding functional feeding groups, the number of species of predators and gathering-collectors was the highest, and considering habitual dwelling groups, the number of species of clingers and sprawlers was the highest. The species number of Odonata, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera increased toward the downstream area, whereas the community loss index was the highest upstream. We also investigated relative resistance and resilience based on the distribution of aquatic insects and found that community stability was the highest downstream, whereas the lowest upstream.

The Shinbulsan wetland, located in Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea, was designated as a conservation area in 2004. The area was monitored from 2015 to 2019 to investigate the community characteristics and changes of benthic macroinvertebrates. Between 2015 and 2016, several insects of the orders Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Hemiptera were identified, but their numbers decreased significantly in 2017 and 2018 following the loss and recovery of the moor owing to drought. During this period, there were relatively more insects of the order Diptera. Within this order, three functional feeding groups, gathering-collectors, plant-piercers, and predators were investigated. Predator species were the most abundant (83.3%), whereas gathering-collectors accounted for the largest proportion of individual insects (50.5%). Between 2015 and 2016, when the moors were stable, groups I and III had the highest community stability. After 2017, when the moors had dried up, group III effectively disappeared because of its lower relative resistance and resilience, and only taxa belonging to group I remained. The results of this study indicate that benthic macroinvertebrates that adapt early during moor formation inhabit the Shinbulsan wetland.

To conserve the population of a hesperiid butterfly, Leptalina unicolor, inhabiting the protected areas of Jaeyaksan, we provide ecological information on their behavior and propose habitat conservation measures, such as the creation of alternative habitats based on comprehensive information. The behavioral study used a method of re-capture after releasing the butterfly with enamel marks on the wings. Adult behaviors were shown in four patterns: flying, settling on a plant, nectar absorption, and water absorption. Both males and females had the highest proportion of flight movement overall; however, males had a slightly higher proportion of flight movement. As for duration, females spent more time settling on plants to select spawning sites, and males seemed to take a longer time for water absorption activities, to absorb minerals needed to form the spermatophore. The average travel distance of butterflies was 27.5 m for females and 46.7 m for males, with daily activity ranges from 11.2 m to 43.8 m, and 21.4 to 57.6 m, respectively. The most important condition to preserve the habitat of Leptalina unicolor is to maintain the community of Miscanthus sinensis, a food plant. Additionally, because this butterfly has a high rate of water absorption activities, wetlands should be maintained.

In this study, we investigated the spatial range, distribution pattern, temporal appearance, sex ratio, seasonal pattern, and size of the population of Leptalina unicolor locally inhabiting the wetland protection area in the Jaeyaksan Mountain. We found that the butterfly was distributed across four areas at 750 m above sea level and in an area of 96,000 . in the southeastern slope of the mountain. The discontinuous distribution of the butterflies in the meadow. According to our survey conducted from 2012 to 2014, L. unicolor occurred in May (spring) and July (summer) each year, with the male population more than three times higher than that of the female population. The population size estimated using the mark and recapture method on the back of the hind wing in the two years was as follows: 877±502 and 1243±800 individuals in the spring and summer of 2012, respectively, and 783±429 and 506±365 individuals in the spring and summer of 2014, respectively, suggesting no specific seasonal pattern. The findings of this study are expected to be useful for the conservation of the populations and habitats of L. unicolor, which are currently distributed locally due to a decrease in population size.

Leptalina unicolor is a hesperiid butterfly with a restricted distribution in Korea, Japan, China, and Russia. Recently, the number of individuals is rapidly decreased in their natural habitat. This skipper has been classified as an endangered species in the ‘Red Data Book’, and according to an IUCN report, is under threat of extinction. Therefore, the conservation and restoration of this species both locally and globally are urgently needed. A population of L. unicolor was found in an unknown habitat in Jaeyaksan, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea in 2011, and these individuals were used in the present study. Here, the life cycle, characteristics of each instar larva and breeding information were determined by breeding L. unicolor in the laboratory from 2012 to 2015. The results indicated that L. unicolor occurs twice a year and over-winter as a fifth instar larva. A springform female individual laid 17.25±5.52 eggs, and summer form laid 29.00±5.86 eggs; it takes 53.79±0.73 days for L. unicolor to develop from eggs to adults. After spawning, the eggs developed in 6.16±0.18 days, and larvae developed in 33.71±0.58 days; the pre-pupal stage to emergence required 14.22±0.31 days. Based on these results, we presented effective breeding information for the restoration and proliferation of the species. Several candidate plants species have been reported in the literature as a food source for L. unicolor, but we found that the preferred diet this butterfly was Miscanthus sinensis. The larvae could move easily when their preferred diet was planted in 80% the cage floor area Year-round breeding was achieved by placing overwintering individuals in low temperatures in autumn. To our knowledge, this is the first study to the biology of L. unicolor in Korea, and the results of this study could be used as preliminary information for the conservation and restoration of this species in its natural habitat.

최근 2011년 3월 동일본 연안에서 규모9.0의 거대 지진 및 지진해일로 2만명이 넘는 인명피해와 이로 인한 원진시설 파괴 및 방사능 누출로 인한 사회·경제적 피해를 입었던 사례와 같이 지진해일은 현저히 낮은 발생빈도에 비해 발생에 따른 피해규모가 대규모로 발생하는 해안재해로써 단순히 발생지역 주변의 일부 해안지역의 피해뿐만 아니라 국가 전체의 안전에 위협을 줄 수 있을 정도의 사회적·경제적 피해를 유발시키는 대표적인 해안재해로 인식되고 있다. 가상 시나리오기반 지진해일 침수예상도를 작성하기 위해서는 지진해일 피해 가능성이 있는 동해안의 지역선정을 위해 현장조사를 통한 사업대상 지역을 선정하였으며, 상세수심자료 및 지형자료를 취득하여 지진해일 수치모의실험에 적용할 수 있는 기초자료를 작성하였다. 본 연구에서는 지진해일의 피해를 저감시키고, 방재정책의 효율성을 향상시키기 위해서 가상 시나리오기반 지진해일 침수 예상도를 작성하여 일본 서해안의 지진단층을 대상으로 가상 지진해일을 위치별 11개, 지진규모별 4개 등 총 44개의 시나리오에 따라 각 지역별 44회의 수치모의실험을 수행하여, ’12년도 대상지역 29개소‘ 에 대해 총 1276회의 수치모의실험을 통해 각 지역에 대한 지진해일 범람특성을 분석하였다.

현재 지진해일 대응체계에서는 지역별로 얼마만큼의 지역이 침수되는지 정확하게 파악하기 어렵기 때문에 대피소 지정이나 대피계획 등의 지진해일 방재대책을 수립하기 어렵다. 실제 지진해일 발생시 신속하고 통합적인 대응에 어려운 문제점이 있으며, 현재 강원도 및 경상도의 일부 지역에서 지자체별로 제작된 지진해일 침수예상도는 과거 이력에 대해서만 분석하여 향후 발생가능 지진해일에 대응에 불합리한 부분이 있어 중앙방재기관에서 일관성 있는 관리 및 자료 활용에 어려운 점이 많다. 본 연구에서는 지진해일 전파 및 범람특성을 고려한 침수예상도 작성에 필요한 국립방재연구원의 연구결과로 수립된 지진해일가상시나리오를 바탕으로 지역별 지진해일범람수치모의실험을 수행하였다. 일본 서해안의 지진단층을 대상으로 가상 지진해일의 위치별 11개, 지진규모별 4개 등 총 44개의 시나리오에 따라 수치모의실험을 통해 지진해일 범람특성 분석을 수행하였으며, 지진해일 초기수면변위에 따라 진앙지로부터 발생한 지진해일이 동해 중심부에 위치한 해저지형 대화퇴를 지나면서 굴절현상에 의해 전파속도 및 방향이 변화되며 지진해일의 발생위치에 따라 해저지형 변화에 의해 동해안에 에너지가 집중되는 현상이 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다(국립방재연구원, 2011). 그러나 지진해일 규모가 커짐에 따라 지진해일 에너지가 급격하게 증가하기 때문에 동해의 해저지형 특성보다는 지진해일 발생위치로부터 근접한 지역에서 최대파고가 산출되는 것으로 분석되었다.