Silicon heterojunction solar cells can achieve high conversion efficiency with a simple structure. In this study, we investigate the passivation characteristics of VOx thin films as a hole-selective contact layer using ALD (atomic layer deposition). Passivation characteristics improve with iVoc (implied open-circuit voltage) of 662 mV and minority carrier lifetime of 73.9 μs after post-deposition annealing (PDA) at 100 oC. The improved values are mainly attributed to a decrease in carbon during the VOx thin film process after PDA. However, once it is annealed at temperatures above 250 oC the properties are rapidly degraded. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to analyze the chemical states of the VOx thin film. As the annealing temperature increases, it shows more formation of SiOx at the interface increases. The ratio of V5+ to V4+, which is the oxidation states of vanadium oxide thin films, are 6:4 for both as-deposition and annealing at 100 oC, and 5:5 for annealing at 300 oC. The lower the carbon content of the ALD VOx film and the higher the V5+ ratio, the better the passivation characteristics.

본 연구의 목적은 screen printed 탄소계 전극에 기반하여 기능성 식품중에 포함된 소량의 Sildenafil과 Vardenafil (SDF 및 VDF)을 쉽게 검출하기 위한 전류계 면역센서를 개발하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 면역센서는 horseradish peroxidase로 labeling 시킨 후 비경쟁적 샌드위치 ELISA 측정법에 의한 원리를 이용하였다. 개발된 센서는 그래핀 산화물 및 키토산(ErGO-CS) 복합체를 단순한 전기화학적 증착에 의해 screen printed 탄소계 전극을 이용 하는 원리이며, 감지된 화학물질을 평가하고 센서특성을 최적화하기 위해 전기 화학적 임피던스분광법, 순환 전압 전류법 등을 포함한 일련의 전기화학적 실험방법에 기초 하여 완성되었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 센서는 100 pg/mL ~ 300 ng/mL 농도의 SDF 및 VDF에 대하여 직선상의 농도 -의존적인 반응을 나타내었다. 또한 최저 검출 한계는 55 pg/ mL이었으며, 센서의 민감도는 1.02 μAng/mL/cm2로 산출 되었다. 센서의 성능은 7.1%의 상대 표준편차로 매우 우수한 재현성을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 센서의 전 략적 가치는 향후 건강기능식품중에 함유된 SDF 및 VDF 과 같은 의약품의 미량을 현장에서 쉽게 분석 할 수 있어 서 비용-효과적 측면에서 그 가치가 우수하다는 것을 제시 한다.

The sexual maturation occurred by the changes of steroid hormones was known to sex-dependently and/or agedependently regulate the lipid metabolism in various animal species. Our current study demonstrates that lipid and its functional fatty acids can be changed depending on the status of sexual maturation. Of the functional fatty acids, γ- linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6) is an important factor for maintaining human health. The purpose of our study was to investigate the level of GLA in mice with different stages of sexual maturation. To this end, the longissimus muscle (LM) of immature (3-week-old) and mature (7-week-old) female mice was analysed for the fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. Furthermore, both gene and protein level of Δ6 desaturase (FADS2) which is involved in GLA metabolism by real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Mature females showed greater (P<0.05) serum 17β -estradiol (E2) level and LM GLA contents than immature group. The mRNA and protein levels of FADS2, which converts precursor linoleic acid into GLA, were higher (P<0.05) in mature female mice than in immature mice. In conclusion, these results show that sexual maturation of female mice induces GLA and FADS2 contents in LM.

Toxicities of 10 insecticides were examined against late third instars of Culex tritaeniorhynchus using the direct-contact mortality bioassay. Six geospatially distant field mosquitoes were collected from Chuncheon-si (designated CC-CT), Hwaseong (HS-CT), Seosan (SS-CT) Jeonju (JJ-CT), Daegu (DG-CT), and Busan (BS-CT) in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Marked regional variations of insecticide susceptibility were observed. Field populations of SS-CT, JJ-CT and DG-CT from agricultural areas showed higher to extremely higher insecticide susceptibility to pyrethroids than those of CC-CT, HS-CT and BS-CT strains from none agricultural areas. Extremely high to low levels of susceptibility were measured: bifenthrin, susceptible ratio (SR) = 2.7–896.3; β-cyfluthrin, SR = 1.8–633.3; α-cypermethrin, SR = 1.2–1,051.9; deltamethrin, SR = 1.3–711.1; permethrin, SR = 1.5–1,053.4 etofenprox, SR = 2.2–29.3; chlorfenapyr, SR = 5.1–103.6; chlorpyrifos, SR = 2.3–337.0; fenitrothion, SR = 2.0–142.3 and fenthion, SR = 1.4–186.2. Culex tritaeniorhynchus populations from rice paddies had been under heavy selection pressure due to the agricultural insecticides and that’s why the mosquito species demonstrated high resistance to pyrethroids which were used for a long time to control agricultural pests in the localities. These results indicate that careful selection and rotational use of these insecticides mayresult in continued satisfactory control against field populations of Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of manipulation on the velocity of cerebral blood flow and level of pain in cervicogeinc headache patients. The velocity of cerebral blood flow of 30 cervicogeinc headache patients(male=15, female=15, age=24.00±3.60) and 33 normal subjects(male=15, female=18, age=23.27±3.00) was compared. The 30 cervicogeinc headache patients were divided into suboccipitalis relaxation group, cervical manipulation group, and placebo group, and each were given different interventions. The velocity of cerebral blood flow and pain level was measured before intervention, and 1, 2, 3 weeks after intervention. The velocity of cerebral blood flow was measured with the Transcranial Doppler(TCD), and pain level was measured with visual analog scale(VAS). Blood flow velocity of middle cerebral artery in cervicogeinc headache patients was slower than those in healthy subjects. Physical therapy intervention did not have significant effect on velocity of cerebral blood flow, but slowly decreased at intervention for pain level increased. The suboccipitalis relaxation group and cervical manipulation group showed significant effect in decreasing pain level compared to the placebo group(p＜.05). Directly applied manipulation therapy in the neck area not only has effect on joint of cervical and soft tissue but also on blood vessels and nerves which pass the neck area, and because of those results of manual therapy seems to help recovery.

We tested differences in female pheromone production and male response in three species of the genus Adoxophyes in Korea. Females of all three species produced mixtures of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc as major components but in quite different ratios. The ratio of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc in pheromone gland extracts was estimated to be 100:198 for A. honmai, 100:23 for A. orana, and 100:3880 for A. sp. Field tests showed that males of each species were preferentially attracted to the two-component blends of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc mimicking the blends found in pheromone gland extracts of conspecific females. The effects of minor components identified in gland extracts on trap catches varied with species. Addition of 10me-12:OAc or E11-14:OAc to the binary blend of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc significantly increased captures of A. honmai males, whereas E11-14:OAc exhibited a strongly antagonistic effect on catches of A. sp. males. Moreover, Z9-14:OH or Z11-14:OH added to the binary blends increased attraction of male A. orana but not A. honmai and A. sp. males, suggesting that these minor components, in addition to the relative ratios of the two major components, play a noteworthy role in reproductive isolation between Adoxophyes species in the southern and midwestern Korea where these species occur sympatrically.

The importance of the telecommunication industry is well recognized. However, few studies provide a systematic approach to measuring the competitiveness of this industry. In this paper, competitiveness and globalization indices are developed within the framework of the generalized double diamond model. These measures are calculated from the survey data of the evaluation of Korea`s telecommunication industry by foreign investors in Korea. Policy makers will find these two indices useful in formulating effective policies to enhance the competitiveness of the telecommunication industry.

Making use of our extended version of ¨ O p i k ′ s convection theory, we have calculated magnetic cycle periods of the sun and late type stars by using Parker's dynamo theory, where we have included the non-linear effect. We presented a relationship between the computed cycle period and spectral type to analyze observed magnetic activities of the late type stars and long-term luminosity variations. It is found that (1) the stellar magentic-cycle period increases towards the later spectral type, (2) the rapid rotation facilitates the activity-related luminosity variation of stars later than about K5, (3) differential rotation plays a critical role in determining the magnetic activity-cycle period, and (4) the non-local effect should be taken into account in order to understand the observed long-term luminosity variations.

진흥(振興)과 유신(維新)을 공시(供試)하여 이앙시기(移秧時期), 재식밀도(栽植密度), 질소시비(窒素施肥) 수준(水準)과 벼잎집무늬마름병(病) 발생(發生)과의 관계(關係)를 검토(檢討) 하였다. 잎집무늬마름병(病) 발생(發生)은 5월(月) 26일(日) 이앙구(移秧區)보다 5월(月) 16일(日) 이앙구(移秧區)에서, 당 100주(株) 재식구(栽植區)가 80주(株) 재식구(栽植區)보다 , 질소질배비구(室素質倍肥區)(진흥(振興) 220kg/ha, 유신(維新) 300kg/ha) 가 보비구(普肥區)에서보다 발병(發病)이 심(甚)하였다. 또한 생육기간중(生育期間中) 발병(發病)이 심(甚)했던 재배조건(栽培條件)에서 성숙기(成熟期)의 피해도(被害度)가 높았다

The objectives of this study were to identify QTLs for agronomic traits using introgression lines from a cross between a japonica weedy rice and a Tongil-type rice. A total of 75 introgression lines developed in the Tongil-type rice were characterized. A total of 368 introgressed segments including 285 homozygous and 83 heterozygous loci were detected on 12 chromosomes based on the genotypes of 136 SSR markers. Each of 75 introgression lines contained 0-9 homozygous and 0-8 heterozygous introgressed segments with an average of 5.8 segments per line. A total of 31 quantitative and 2 qualitative loci were identified for 14 agronomic traits and each QTL explained 4.1% to 76.6% of the phenotypic variance. Some QTLs were clustered in a few chromosomal regions. A first cluster was located near RM315 and RM472 on chromosome 1 with QTLs for 1,000 grain weight, culm length, grain width and thickness. Another cluster was detected with four QTLs for 1,000 grain weight, grain length, grain width and grain length/width ratio near the SSR marker RM249 on chromosome 5. Among the 31 QTLs, 9 (28.1%) Hapcheonaengmi3 alleles were beneficial in the Milyang23 background. ILs would be useful to confirm QTLs putatively detected in a primary mapping population for complex traits and serve as a starting point for map-based cloning of the QTLs. Additional backcrosses are being made to purify nearly isogenic lines (NILs) harboring a few favorable Hapcheonaengmi3 alleles in Milyang23 background.

This study was conducted to identify the genetic basis of the domestication-related traits in weedy rice. An RIL population consisting of 80 lines was developed from a cross between the japonica weedy rice, Hapcheonaengmi 3 and the Tongil-type cultivar Mi

Korean Rice Breeding Information Management System (KRBIMS) is a database and its management system that provides integrated management of the information on rice breeding generation from the crossing parents to the released varieties. It is also a decisi