본 논문에서는 LS-DYNA를 활용한 원자력발전소 설치 로드블록 차량 시뮬레이션 방법을 소개한다. 차량 강습 위협이 원자력 발전 소의 설계기준위협으로 포함된 이후로 차량 강습을 대비하기 위한 차량 방벽(Anti-ram barrier)의 성능 평가 소요가 커지고 있다. 차량 방벽은 일반적으로 충돌 실험을 통하여 성능을 인증 받는다. 하지만 국내에서는 차량 방벽에 대한 성능 시험 시설이 마련되어 있지 않 아, 시뮬레이션을 통한 차량 방벽 성능 검증이 필요하다. LS-DYNA는 충돌 시뮬레이션에 특화되어 있으며, NCAC를 비롯한 여러 기 관에서 충돌 시험과의 타당성 검증을 완료한 수치 모델을 배포하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 로드블록의 가장 핵심적인 차량 차단막 모듈 의 FE 모델을 구축하여 충돌 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 계산된 결과는 NCHRP 179의 차량 안전 시설 충돌 시뮬레이션 검증 기준을 준용하여 검증하였다. 그 결과 모래시계 에너지(hourglass energy)가 총 에너지의 5%를 넘지 않고 내부 에너지의 10%를 넘지 않는 것 을 확인하였으며, added mass가 1% 미만으로 기준인 10%를 넘지 않는 것을 확인하였다. 향후 FE 모델을 활용하여 물리적 방벽의 성 능을 평가하여 데이터 베이스를 구축할 예정이다.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of pork belly thickness on physicochemical and sensory characteristics after pan frying. Pork belly with three different thickness (5, 10, 20 mm) from three different parts (A:thoracic vertebrae no. 5-9, B:thoracic vertebrae 10-14, C:lumbar vertebrae 1-6) was pan grilled with electronic grill until it reached an internal temperature of 71℃. Cooking loss, shear force, sensory characteristics, volatile compounds of cooked pork belly were determined. Electric nose analysis was performed to support descriptive analysis and consumer sensory analysis. The cooking loss of pork belly with 20 mm thickness from all positions was significantly low (p<0.05). Shear force increased with increase in thickness (p<0.05). Electric nose identified major seven volatile compounds such as acetonitrile, (Z)-4-heptenal, 2-octanol, linalool, carbon disulfide, methylcyclohexane, n-nonanal to discriminate those samples. The part of pork belly significantly affected the intensity of volatile compounds rather than thickness. In discriminate analysis, the overall acceptability of pork belly (A and B parts) with 20 mm thickness was higher than that of pork belly with 5 mm thickness. In addition, the overall acceptability by consumers for pork belly with 20 mm thickness from A, B, and C parts was higher than the overall acceptability for pork belly with 5 mm thickness. This preliminary study suggests that it is more desirable to use pork belly with 20 mm thickness from part A when cooking on a pan gril compared with pork belly of 10 mm or 20 mm thickness from part B or C in the meat markets and restaurant.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein produced by hepatocytes. The plasma concentration of CRP peaks around 48 hours following stimulation. A rapid decrease in CRP levels is observed when the stimuli end. Considering these characteristics of CRP, it is used to evaluate acute inflammatory responses in clinics. In addition, as it reflects the degree of surgical trauma, measuring the CRP concentration is an effective method of evaluating tissue damage depending upon the surgical method. As CRP is also an acute-phase protein in dogs, the purpose of the present study was to compare the factors related to acute inflammatory responses between dogs undergoing elective general surgery (GS) and orthopedic surgery (OS). A total of 44 healthy dogs were included in this study. The sex ratio of dogs that underwent OS was similar. Both groups showed increased CRP levels and white blood cell (WBC) counts on post-operative day (POD) 1-2. The CRP level in the OS group on POD 1-2 was significantly higher than that of the GS group and it was increased about 16-fold compared to the pre-operative value. No significant difference in WBC counts was observed between the two groups. Although a slight increase in the WBC count was observed on POD 1-2 in both groups, it was near the reference range during follow-up. Thus, measuring CRP levels can be more effective in evaluating acute inflammatory responses than WBC counts. Although a high level of post-operative serum CRP concentrations was observed in the OS group, it rapidly decreased to a level similar to the pre-operative value if there were no post-operative complications.

Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (NKSCC) is a rare malignancy of the nose and paranasal sinuses which is characterized by a unique anastomosing ribbon-like growth pattern with absent of limited maturation and keratinization. NKSCC accounts for 10-27% of sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas and some of the NKSCCs are reported to be associated with high risk-HPV infection. Advanced lesion can involve the oral cavity with oral symptoms of palatal bulging, surface ulceration mimicking salivary gland tumors. Herein, we report a case of NKSCC of a 46-year old male, which clinically presented as a bulging mass on the mid palate and mimicked a palatal salivary gland tumor. We reviewed the clinical and histopathological considerations required for differential diagnosis of sinonasal carcinoma involving the oral cavity.

Parosteal osteosarcoma, a subtype of juxtacortical osteosarcoma, has a better prognosis compared to central osteosarcoma with a relatively low risk for recurrence and metastasis. Rarely, it can arise synchronously with other malignant tumors. Synchronous malignancies are defined as the occurrence of a second primary malignancy within 6 months of the appearance of the first malignancy. Here in, we introduce a 64-year-old woman who visited the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University Dental Hospital with a 2 year history of a whitish verrucous lesion on the palate. She presented an exophytic mass on mandible during the following visits. Histopathologic evaluation revealed a synchronous parosteal osteosarcoma and squamous cell on right mandible and a precancerous verrucous leukoplakia on the palate.

Limb amputation is a salvage surgical procedure relatively common in small animals and other species. Wild animals after forelimb amputation have many difficulties in returning to normal life because forelimbs of arboreal quadrupeds are used to carry most of their weight and hold feed. This study investigated forelimb amputation and its outcomes in two raccoon dogs. Two male raccoon dogs presented for radio-ulnar fractures. Shoulder disarticulation amputation was applied to protect the thoracic cavity and reduce surgical time. After the operation, they could run comparatively faster with three legs. As they had good body condition and regular appetite during the hospitalization period, they were released to the area from which they were captured. Six months after the release, one of the raccoon dogs represented for hair loss by mites. It showed satisfactory function of the existing three limbs. Thus, amputation of forelimb could be considered as a treatment in raccoon dogs with severe limb status.

Low molecular weight hydrolysates from donkey bone extracts (LHDB) was prepared with different food enzymes, and its antioxidative, elastase and collagenase inhibitory, and fibroblast cell protection effects against photoaging were evaluated. Gelatin from donkey bone was extracted three times at 121℃ for 1 h and was lyophilized. The lyophilized powder (5 g) was dissolved in 95 mL distilled water with 1% FoodPro alkaline protease (A), 1% Protease P (P), 1% Protease M (M) and a 0.3% A + 0.3% P + 0.3% M (APM) mixture and was hydrolyzed for 3 h at 45℃. After enzyme inactivation at 90℃ for 10 min, the LHDBs hydrolyzed by A, P, M, and APM were separated by centrifugal filtration and were lyophilized and marked as LHDB-A, LHDB-P, LHDB-M, LHDB-APM. The LHDB-M showed higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline–6- sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) than the other treatments (p<0.05). The elastase inhibition effect (37.49%) of LHDB-M were significantly higher than those of the other treatments (9.97-34.18%). The viability of human fibroblast cells (Hs68) after UVB irradiation was significantly increased by LHDB-M, indicating that it can be used as an antioxidant or as a UVB stress protector. However, further in vivo studies should precede its usage in the bioactive compound industry.

본 연구는 키토산 및 생균제를 급여한 한우의 채끝등심의 품질 및 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하기 위해 실시 하였다. 거세한우(n=20)를 시험구별 완전 임의 배치한 뒤 대조구(n=10)는 일반 배합 사료를 급여하고, 처리구(n=10)는 키토산 및 생균제 배합사료(생균제 1%, 키토산 0.1%)를 4개월 동안 급 여하였다. 각 처리구는 1등급을 받은 채끝등심을 이용하였다. 일반성분 결과 수분(64.13~65.00%), 조회 분(1.47~1.69%), 조단백질(19.56~20.25%), 조지방(15.69~15.88%)은 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. pH, 가열감량, 전단력, 육색 모두 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 없었으며, 보수력의 경우 대조구(69.60%) 보다 처리구(74.29%)가 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 지방산패도는 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 없었으 나 휘발성염기태질소 함량은 처리구에서 유의적으로 낮은 함량을 나타내었다(p<0.05). Collagen함량과 anserine 함량은 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, carnosine은 처리구(51.22mg/dry base)가 대 조구(47.08mg/dry base) 보다 유의적으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다(p<0.05). Palmitoleic acid와 다가 불포화지방산 함량은 대조구보다 처리구에서 유의적으로 높았으며, 키토산과 생균제 급여는 한우 채끝 등심의 아미노산과 무기질 함량에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 따라서 거세 한우에 1% 생균제 및 0.1% 키 토산 배합사료 급여는 한우 채끝등심의 보수력 향상 및 단백질 변패 억제, 기능성 성분인 carnosine 함 량과 다가 불포화 지방산의 함량을 높이는 효과를 보여 추후 이들 성분이 기능성 사료 첨가제로서 사용 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Locomotion can be investigated using visual locomotion scoring or computer-assisted techniques such as force plates or pressure plates. Although visual locomotion scoring is inexpensive, it is subjective and depends on observers. Conversely, computer-assisted techniques are objective and more sensitive than visual assessment. Many studies of gait in large breed dogs have been conducted using these techniques; however, there have been few investigations of small to toy breed dogs. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to conduct gait analysis in small to toy breed dogs and to suggest normal reference ranges for clinical application. Twenty healthy dogs with no lameness or orthopedic pain weighing from 2 kg to 12 kg were used. The dogs were divided into two groups according to their weight, after which gait analysis was conducted using a pressure plate. The pressure force ratio between the forelimb and hindlimb was significantly lower in group 2 (mean 4.2 kg) than group 1 (mean 10.4 kg), while the stance time ratio between the forelimb and hindlimb tended to increase in group 2, but there was no significant difference. Other numerical values in group 2 tended to decrease, with some significant differences being observed. Overall, the results suggest that there are different gait features in small to toy breed dogs when compared with middle and large breed dogs.

Colorectal cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality that accounts for over 9% of all incidences of cancer. Additionally, colorectal cancer is widely recognized as an environmental disease related to ill-defined cultural, social and lifestyle factors including physical activity, obesity, cigarette smoking and heavy alcohol consumption. Accordingly, natural phytochemicals and extracts have attracted attention because of their beneficial biological effects. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a common supplementary medicine applied to increase bioenergetic capacity in various diseases. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether CoQ10 treatment has any inhibitory effects and its related cellular mechanisms in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. A MTT assay revealed that CoQ10 slightly decreased the proliferation of HCT116 cells; however, glutathione- and superoxide dismutase- activity were unchanged in response to CoQ10 treatment. A DCF-DA assay revealed that CoQ10 slightly increased ROS release of HCT116 cells. However, in a nitric oxide (NO) assay, CoQ10 significantly increased NO production in a dose-dependent manner. The results of western blot analysis revealed that the protein levels of Bax, p21 and p53 were increased, whereas the protein level of Bcl2 was decreased suggesting that the CoQ10-mediated inhibitory mechanism is associated with apoptotic signaling. Taken together, our findings indicate that CoQ10 has an inhibitory effect on the growth of colon cancer cells via NO production that is associated with regulation of factors involved in apoptotic signaling including Bax, Bcl2, p21 and p53.

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics, anti-oxidation activity and di-peptide (anserine, carnosine) contents of marinated pork loin from Korean native black pig (KNBP) and crossbred of Landrace×Yorkshire×Durock (LYD) by addition of fruits (pineapple and gold kiwi). Sliced pork loin (13~15 mm) was marinated in three different treatments: 1) no fruits addition, 2) with seasoning and pineapple for 5 h, 3) with seasoning and kiwi for 5 h. Addition of fruits significantly decreased pH, hardness and chewiness of marinated KNBP and LYD pork loin. Anti-oxidation activity in pork were significantly increased by addition of fruits. Especially, addition of gold kiwi in the pork loin marinated for 5 h showed the highest anti-oxidation activity and carnosine contents. Also, it showed the highest score in the sensory characteristics (juiciness and tenderness). These results suggested that the pork loin marinated with gold kiwi for 5 h could be one of the solutions to enhance quality characteristics of marinated KNBP and LYD.

Horse leg bone has been used as a traditional folk medicine for the sick and weak. Bone primarily contains collagen, a key building block of cells for bones, cartilage, and ligaments. In our previous study, horse leg bone hydrolysates showed anti-oxidation and skin protection effects against UV light. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of jelly containing Jeju crossbred horse leg bone hydrolysates at 0.3 (HLBH 0.3), 0.5 (HLBH 0.5) and 1.0% (HLBH 1.0). The HLBH 1.0 showed the highest pH and Brix values compare to control. Lightness (L*) and redness (a*) of HLBH 1.0 showed the lowest value compare to other treatments. However, yellowness (b*) of HLBH 0.3 and 0.5% was increased significantly with increasing levels of Jeju crossbred horse leg bone hydrolysates (p<0.05), while HLBH 0.5 and HLBH 1.0 showed no significant difference. Hardness and chewiness of jelly was decreased with increase of HLBH up to 0.5%, whereas no significant difference was found between HLBH 0.5 and 1.0. In sensory evaluation, panels did not tell the difference of jelly with different level of HLBH in all sensory factors likely color, appearance, flavor, chewiness, taste, and overall acceptability. This result suggests that Jeju crossbred horse leg bone hydrolysates can be used up to 1% without any significant bad influence on quality and sensory characteristics of jelly.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) and related trichothecene mycotoxins are extensively distributed in the cereal-based food and feed stuffs worldwide. Recent climate changes and global grain trade increased chance of exposure to more DON and related toxic metabolites in poorly managed production systems. Monitoring the biological and environmental exposures to the toxins are crucial in protecting human and animals from toxicities of the hazardous contaminants in food or feeds. Exposure biomarkers including urine DON itself are prone to shift to less harmful metabolites by intestinal microbiota and liver metabolic enzymes. De-epoxyfication of DON by gut microbes such as Eubacterium strain BBSH 797 and Eubacterium sp. DSM 11798 leads to more fecal secretion of DOM-1. By contrast, most of plant-derived DON-glucoside is also easily catabolized to free DON by gut microbes, which produces more burden to body. Phase 2 hepatic metabolism also contributes to the glucuronidation of DON, which can be useful urine biomarkers. However, chemical modification could be very typical depending on the anthropologic or genetic background, luminal bacteria, and hepatic metabolic enzyme susceptibility to the toxins in the diet. After toxin exposure, effect biomarkers are also important in estimating the linkage and mechanisms of foodborne diseases in human and animal population. Most prominent adverse effects are demonstrated in the DON-induced immunological and behavioral disorders. For instance, acutely elevated interleukin-8 from insulted gut exposed to dietaty DON is a dominant clinical biomarker in human and animals. Moreover, subchronic exposure to the toxins is associated with high levels of serum IgA, a biological mediator of IgA nephritis. In particular, anorexia monitoring using mouse models are recently developed to monitor the biological activities of DON-induced feed refusal. It is also mechanistically linked to alteration of serotoin and peptide YY, which are promising biomarkers of neurological disorders by the toxins. As animalalternative biomonitoring, huamn enterocyte-based assay has been developed and more realistic gut mimetic models would be useful in monitoring the effect biomarkers in resposne to toxic contaminants in the future investigations.

영토주권을 수호한다는 측면에서 만약의 경우 독도문제가 국제재판소에 회부될 경우 이에 대한 사전준비가 필요할 것이다. 그것은 영토분쟁에 대한 국제판례의 이해와 분석을 통한 법리적 대비를 의미한다. 우리나라는 고유영토론과 실효적 주권행사를 내세우고, 일본은 고유 영토론과 함께 1905년 무주지선점을 주장하고 있다. 독도문제가 국제법원에 회부될 경우 한·일 양국은 각각 독도 원시취득의 증거와 주권의 장기간에 걸친 실효적 행사, 무주지선점에 관한 증거를 제출하게 될 것이다. 영유권 판정에 관한 국제판례의 판단기준의 공통점을 살펴보면 조약과 현상유지법리가 적용되지 않는 경우에는 대부분 ‘실효적 주권행사’에 따라 인정했다는 점이다. 역사적 권원을 인정한 판례도 있지만 그 숫자는 매우 예외적일 정도로 작다. 실효적 주권행사와 관련된 최근 의 도서영유권 판례는 분쟁도서에 대한 국가 권한의 평화적이고 계속적인 행사의 실체가 되는 다양한 증거들을 검토하여 우세한 증거를 제시하는 측에 승소판결을 내렸다. 도서영유권과 관련된 국제판례를 검토한 결과 사람이 거주하지 않고 격리된 도서 영유권 분쟁의 경우 다음과 같은 공통점을 갖는다. ① 조약 문안에 격리도서가 규정되는 경우가 거의 없다는 점. ② 현상유지법리가 적용될 여지가 거의 없다는 점, ③ 문헌과 기록 등 증거가 희박 하고, 설사 있다고 하더라도 객관성 결여로 증거력 부여가 어렵다는 점이다. 이에 따라 실효적 주권행사의 상대적 평가에 따라 권원을 인정하였다는 공통점을 도출할 수 있다. ICJ는 영토분쟁 사건의 해결을 위해 조약(treaty), 현상유지법리(Uti Possidetis Juris), 실효적 지배(effective control) 순으로 적용한다. 독도와 관련하여 샌프란시스코 강화조약 의 해석이 우선될 것이며, 동조약의 해석에 따라 결정이 되지 않을 경우 실효적 주권행사 여부 에 따라 도서영유권이 결정될 가능성이 높을 것이다. 또한 한일 양국이 역사적 권원을 주장하고 있다는 점에서 이에 대한 추가적인 검토도 아울러 필요할 것이다.

본 연구에서는 식민시대 또는 전쟁점령 등에 의해 영토를 침탈(점령)한 국가들이 영유권 주장을 포기함으로써 침탈당한 국가에게 원래의 영토주권을 되돌려 준 사례들을 발굴하고자 하였다. 이를 통해 독도 관련하여 억지 주장을 해 온 일본의 영유권 주장 포기를 유도하기 위한 국제사회의 담론을 주도하는 한편 일본의 억지 영유권 주장 포기를 유도할 수 있는 요인들을 도출해 보고자 하였다. 침탈한 국가들이 침탈한 영토를 되돌려 주거나 아니면 억지 영유권 주장을 포기할 경우 어떤 계기로 어떤 요인이 작용되었는지를 살펴봄으로써, 독도의 경우처럼 억지 영유권 주장을 해 온 일본과 같은 침탈국의 억지 영유권 주장 포기를 유도해 낼 수 있는 정책적 시사점을 제시해 보는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 아시아, 중남미, 유럽, 구미 등 전 세계 거의 모든 지역의 유사 사례들의 조사를 통해 20개의 영토갈등 사례들을 추출하였으며, 영유권 주장의 포기 및 침탈한 영토를 되돌려 준 요인 내지 배경을 경제적 요인, 정치적 요인 및 외교안보적 요인 등으로 구분하여 분석해 보았다. 분석결과 많은 사례들이 외교안보적 요인들이 적지 않게 작용한 것으로 보이며, 특별히 미국-쿠바 간 후벤투드 도서영유권 사례 등 침탈한 국가의 국가적 결단에 의해 침탈한 영토를 되돌려 준 사례들도 일부 도출됨으로써 일본 등 억지 영유권 주장을 하는 침탈국가들을 대상으로 국제사회에 주는 시사점도 제시되었다.