벗초파리기생벌인 A. japonica의 벗초파리 유충의 발육단계에 따른 기생특성과 기생당한 유충과 번데기에서 형태적인 차이를 조사하였다. 또한 A. japonica의 우화기간이 벗초파리 우화일수 보다 더 소요되는 것을 확인하였다. A. japonica는 벗초파리 유충에 효과적인 기생 및 살충 효과를 나타내었으며 벗초파리 방제를 위한 천적으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

The hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) of the honeybee worker produces royal jelly (RJ) and has a developmental cycle closely related to the division of labor. In this study, we investigated to compare the HPG acini diameter of differently aged worker bees with high royal jelly producing colony (HRC) or less producing colony (LRC). Additionally, we also evaluated whether the fresh weight of the head is a reliable indicator of the developmental status of HPG. The HRC showed a significantly higher RJ production about two-times as compared with those of the LRC. We measured the HG-diameters on days 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15. The microscopic analysis revealed that the acini size of the HRC was significantly larger than the LRC. In addition, the acini diameter of HRC was 15% longer than the LRC on the first day after emerging. It was shown that the fastest development during 3 days which is preparing for nurse the brood. The HPG acini diameters increased in both colonies in a similar fashion until day 12 and then decreased. We also compared the fresh head weight of the experimental colonies, differences were similar to the development of HPG. Therefore, high royal jelly production may have a positive correlation between HPG acini size and the fresh head weight.

모바일 SNS(Social Network Service) 메신저를 매개로 하며 네크워트를 통한 의사전달과 정보교환이 커뮤니케이션 영역의 중심이 되고 있다. 모바일 SNS 메신저는 신체언어인 얼굴표정 및 몸짓의 표현이 배제된 상태로 의사소통이 이루어지기 때문에 상대방의 미세한 감성을 정확히 인지하는데 한계가 있다. 이를 극복하기 위한 방법 중 하나가 이모티콘을 사용한 감성 커뮤니케이션이다. 사용자들의 이모티콘 사용이 증가함과 동시에 카카오톡, 라인 등의 회사뿐만 아니라, 개인 작가들을 통한 이모티콘 개발 또한 급격히 늘어나고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 적절한 디자인 가이드라인 없이 제작된 이모티콘은 여전히 사용자마다 다른 의미로 해석되어 커뮤니케이션의 오류가 발생되거나 감성 표현에 적절한 이모티콘을 찾는 것이 어렵다. 따라서, 본 연구는 모바일 SNS 환경에서의 커뮤니케이션에서 사용자들의 원활한 감성과 관련된 의사소통을 위하여 이모티콘을 체계적으로 연구하여 디자인 가이드라인을 구축하고 이를 실제로 적용한 이모티콘을 개발하고자 한다. 또한, 개발한 이모티콘에 대한 감성 커뮤니케이션의 효과를 검증하였다. 본 연구의 결과에서 정립한 이모티콘 가이드라인과 이를 적용한 감성 이모티콘은 앞으로 지속적으로 향상될 이모티콘 디자인에 있어서 감성 표현의 효과를 높이기 위한 긍정적인 방법으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

최근 증가되고 있는 모바일 SNS(Social Network Service)를 통한 매개(Mediated) 커뮤니케이션에서 자신의 감성을 표현 가능한 이모티콘을 활용하여 대화하는 감성 커뮤니케이션이 발달하고 있다. 이모티콘 개발이 증가 하고 사용이 대중화가 됨에 따라, 사용자가 원하는 감성 표현이나 의미를 상징하는 아이템에 대한 요구가 확대 되고 있다. 또한, 동일한 이모티콘이라도 사용자에 따라 다르게 해석할 수 있으며, 디자이너의 의도한 감성 표현에 대해 사용자의 의미 해석이 상이할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 모바일 SNS 메신저에서 이모티콘을 이용한 커뮤니케이션을 위해 사용되는 감성 어휘를 연구하고 분류하여 감성 커뮤니케이션과 관련된 이모티콘 개발의 초석을 마련하고자 한다. 즉, 사용자 관점에서 이모티콘에 기반하여 표현하고자 하는 감성 어휘에 대한 분류와 모델을 제안한다. 본 연구를 위해 첫째, 문헌조사를 기반으로 감성 형용사를 수집하고 설문, 통계 분석 및 FGI (Focus Group Interview)를 통해 1차 감성 어휘를 추출한다. 둘째, 2차 설문조사 및 통계분석을 통해 최종 적합 어휘를 추출한다. 셋째, 최종 추출된 어휘를 바탕으로 다차원척도 분석을 실행하여 어휘 모델을 도출하고 감성 어휘를 분류한다. 그 결과 ‘미안하다’, ‘바쁘다’, ‘배고프다’, ‘어렵다’, ‘슬프다’, ‘날씨가 춥거나 덥다’, ‘지 루하다’, ‘부끄럽다’, ‘궁금하다’, ‘만족하다’, ‘좋다’, ‘아름답다’, ‘편안하다’ 의 13개 어휘로 분류되었다.

As a result of inquiring into the analysis consequent on a symptom by research subject, it was found that there were 1 paper (1.5%) which did research for the purpose of rehabilitation of the general public, 26 papers (38.8%) targeting diagnosis-related groups (DRG), and 40 papers (59.7%) targeting social consideration subject. Also, as a result of the inquiry about the frequency & number of times of horticultural therapy program implementation, it was found that 49 papers (73.1%) implemented one time a week, and 45 papers (67.2%) were surveyed as the highest by conducting a total of 11~20 sessions of horticultural therapy programs, In the analysis of horticultural therapy activities by type, plant cultivation activity was found to be the most 506 times, accounting for 41.5%, followed by 297 time crafts activity (24.4%), 213 time floral decoration activity (17.5%), and 203time others activities (16.7%). In cultivation activity, soil-using cultivation activity (25.1%) was found to be lower than the proportion (74.9%) of soiless cultivation (16.4%), crafts activity (24.4%), floral decoration activity (17.5%) and other activities (16.7%). The most used plants in a restricted place like a hospital were found to be in the order of Hedera helix, Chamaedorea elegans, Succulent plant, Syngonium podophyllum, Neofinetia falcata HU, Hoya carnosa (L.f.) R.Br.), Rosmarinus officinalis, and Spathiphyllum spp.

Background : Five medicinal herbs have been selected from the preliminary screening for in vitro anti-allergy activity (in RBL-2H3 cells). The present study is conducted to investigate the inhibitory effects of the medicinal herbs on allergic inflammation in other kind of cells. Methods and Results : Cells treated with five extracts prepared from Betula costata Trautv. (aerial part), Camellia sinensis L. (aerial part), Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. (root), Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai (leaf), and Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Steud. (root) were measured for mRNA levels of TNF-α on HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated by TNF-α /INF-γ and for mRNA levels of IL-2 in Jurkat T cells mediated by PMA/A23187. Pre-treatment with the five extracts reduced the mRNA levels of TNF-α in HaCaT cells and mRNA levels of IL-2 in Jurkat T cells. In particular, the leaf extract of Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai significantly and dose-dependently decreased the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-2. To determine the toxicity of the extracts from the selected medicinal herbs to HaCaT cells and Jurkat T cells, the viabilities of the cells treated with several concentrations of the five extracts were measured by MTT assay. Extracts of Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. (root), Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai (leaf), and Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Steud. (root) (up to 250 ㎍/㎖) did not show cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells and Jurkat T cells. On the other hand, 250 ㎍/㎖ of extracts of Betula costata Trautv. (aerial part) and Camellia sinensis L. (aerial part) reduced cell viability in both cells. Conclusion : These results demonstrate that the leaf extract of Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Therefore, the leaf of Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai can be a useful resource for the development of anti-allergy/anti-inflammatory materials.

Early life stage mortality in fish is one of the problems faced by loach aquaculture. However, our understanding of immune system in early life stage fish is still incomplete, and the information available is restricted to a few fish species. In the present work, we investigated the expression of immune-related transcripts in loach during early development. In fishes, recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG-1) and sacsin (SACS) have been considered as immunological function. In this study, the expression of the both genes was assessed throughout the early developmental stages of loach using real-time PCR method. maRAG-1 mRNA was first detected in 0 dph, observed the increased mostly until 40 dph. Significant expression of maRAG-1 was detected in 0 to 40 dph. These patterns of expression may suggest that the loach start to develop its function after hatching. On the other hand, maSACS was detected in unfertilized oocyte to molura stages and 0 to 40 dph. maSACS mRNA transcripts were detected in unfertilized oocytes, suggesting that they are maternally transferred.