Purpose: This study compares the chest compression quality, and the willingness and confidence to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before and after education between the compression only CPR (COCPR) group and the standard CPR (STCPR) group using manikins. Method: This study employs a randomized controlled trial design. A total of 219 and 214 individuals were randomly assigned to the COCPR and STCPR groups, respectively. Both groups were asked to perform CPR for 2 min before and after education. The willingness and confidence to perform CPR were surveyed through a questionnaire. Results: Before education, the STCPR group had a significantly higher mean chest compression depth and accuracy than the COCPR group for the entire 2 min. After education, the STCPR group had a significantly higher mean chest compression depth for 2 min and higher compression accuracy for late 1 min than the COCPR group. However, no significant difference in the willingness and confidence to perform CPR according to the compression method was evident. Conclusion: Repeated training is required to maintain chest compression quality. CPR education improves willingness and confidence to perform CPR.

Loyalty programs are one of the most widely used strategy to promote sales and manage consumer relationship. According to Stourm, Bradlow, and Fader (2015), loyalty programs are divided into two types: non-linear programs and linear programs. Of these two programs, linear loyalty programs are increasingly expanding thanks to the development of digital technology. However, it is doubtful whether the findings of previous researches investigating non-linear loyalty programs also hold true for linear loyalty programs. Our study aims to investigate what induces consumers to stockpile or use their points in linear loyalty programs. This is particularly important because it seems that consumers really have no economic incentive to stockpile points in such programs. They are not rewarded for their “stockpiling” behavior- the amount of points accumulated for 1 dollar remains the same regardless of whether a consumer has already accumulated 100 points or 10000 points. The present research shows that in linear loyalty programs, consumers stockpile points just for the sake of “it”. That is, our studies show that the degree to which consumers perceive their effort to invest until they reach certain point level (goal) to be high or low influences consumers’ stockpiling decision. Specifically, when consumers expect that they have to invest greater effort, they are more likely to accumulate points compared to when they expect they don’t have to invest a lot of effort. In the main study, we show that this effect was mediated by consumers’ anticipation utility. Also, we found an interesting phenomenon that shows even when a certain point level is not obviously given consumers still set their own goals and calculate their effort needed to reach the goal.