Five insecticides (Acrinathrin, Dinotefuran, Emamectin benzoate, Chlorfenapyr and fluxametamide) approved for tomato cultivation were evaluated in Frankliniella occidentalis populations collected from Chungcheong province (Cheongyang, Chungju and Gongju). Leaf dip bioassay was used to evaluate resistance levels (LC50). Bioassays on Acrinathrin demonstrated higher LC50 concentration in evaluated populations. In particular, the Chungju population was 745.61 times the recommended concentration of the insecticide. Other remarkable resistance levels were recorded for the Dinotefuran with 435.06 times and 196.29 times the recommended concentrations for the populations from Chungju and Gongju, respectively. Bioassays for Emamectin benzoate, Chlorfenapyr and Fluxametamide showed low resistance to insecticides in the evaluated populations.

Yellow flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis is mainly controlled using chemical control methods. But the continuous use of chemical pesticides in greenhouse may contribute to development of insecticide resistance. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the insecticidal activity of eleven insecticides against the WFT occurring in greenhouse pepper cultivation in the Gyeonggi province. The results showed no resistance in treatments with emamectin benzoate, fluxametamide, and flometoquin while high levels of resistance were recorded in treatments with acrinathrin, acetamiprid, and dinotefuran. The Anseong and Yeoju population was more resistant against spinetoram and chlorfluazuron, respectively, than populations from other regions.

The fish influx and behavioral properties at a set-net off Goseong, South Korea were investigated using an imaging sonar. As a result, the average influx of fish was 33.9% at day time and 66.1% at night time, respectively, which indicated that a majority of fish entered into a playground in the set-net at night. The fish behavioral properties such as target (fish) length, range, orientation and major-axis angle were examined and compared among survey dates (4, 5, and 6 June 2019) using the statistical analysis tool (analysis of variance, ANOVA). The behavioral properties presented differently sometime of survey dates. This is preparatory study to support fish behavior properties in a set-net. It is expected that more elaborated behavioral information of fishes in the set-net is beneficial for designing and deploying a set-net fishing gear as well as general fish behavior research in the future.

The most effective methods against pine wilt disease (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWD), black pine bast scale (Matsucoccus thunbergianae), pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) is the trunk injection of insecticides. The period of trunk injection that was considered with ecology and physiology of pests such as pine wilt disease, black pine bast scale and pine needle gall midge, was applied from Dec. to next Feb. and June, Dec. respectively. And there are differences in quantities of being injected chemicals to pine trees by the period of trunk injection. Thus, we investigated to prevent the effect of insecticides, to estimate the effect under the trunk injection of insecticides for pine trees against pests by the injecting period and time, boring site, opening and shutting of injection site. On Pinuns thunbergii, it was examined to figure out the effect of insecticides by the injecting period, twice a month on a sunny day around 10 AM from January to September. Injecting of insecticides was tested at a dose of 5ml per cm dbh of a pine tree after boring with hand drill at 50 cm high from the ground. As a result, abmectin 1.8% EC and phospamidon 50% SL were injected over 90% of mortalities from the end of January to the middle of March but as time goes by, injecting insecticides tended to decrease. To compare the volume of injecting insecticides in a day, between 10 AM and 2 PM on February 23rd, abamectin 1.8% EC was injected at a dose of 5ml per pine trees with micro pipette after boring with a drill machine at 50 cm high from the ground. As a result, injecting insecticide of a pine which was injected around 10 AM was completely injected and about 90% of the insecticide was injected in case of a pine that was injected around 2 PM. Trunk injection of insecticides was examined to figure out differences of the volume of injected insecticides before and after rain. There was no difference not only the rainfall but also the bored direction.

Trunk injection of nematicides is applied to prevent pine wilt disease(PWD). Although the trunk injection of nematicides is effective to PWD prevention, it is not effective to vector insects such as adults of M. alternatus and M. saltuarius. Thus, This study was investigated for the insecticidal activity and the effect of feeding deterrence by injecting to pine trees with acetamiprid. For screening effective nematicides, some insecticides were injected to pines on December 30th, 2008 and their insecticidal activities and feeding areas of M. alternatus and M. saltuarius were investigated in the insects breeding dishes (100× 40mm) where put on 1 to 2-year-old twig which was selected from injected pine trees in early June. As a result, insecticidal activity and feeding deterrence of acetamicprid were most effective. Feeding areas of M. alterantus adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of healthy pine trees, were 170.3±107.0 mm2 and 258.0±123.2 mm2 respectively. And Feeding areas of M. alterantus adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of pines injected at a dose of 0.3 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were 57.7±72.3 mm2 and 65.7±51.2 mm2 respectively and their mortalities also were 0%, 28.6%. The feeding areas of M. alterantus adults tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of pine trees injected at a dose of 0.6 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were not fed on it and the mortalities were 28.0%, 57.1% respectively. In case of the feeding areas of M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of healthy pine trees, it was 112.±35.1 mm2 and 159.2±65.2 mm2 respectively. And the feeding areas of M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig and 2-year-old twig of injected pine trees at a dose of 0.3 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid were 0.61±0.0 mm2 and 8.1±12.4 mm2 and both mortalities were 23.1%. Although M. saltuarius adults, when tested with 1-year-old twig of a pine tree injected at a dose of 0.6 ml per cm dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid, were not fed on it but M. saltuarius adults tested with 2-year-old twig of the same pine tree were 2.0±3.7 mm2 and their mortalities were 53.8%, 61.5% respectively. We investigated insecticidal activities, the effects of feeding deterrence of acetamiprid for vector insects where fed twigs of injected pines by stop up hole with a cork or not, and the trunk injection to pine trees at a dose of 0.5, 1 ㎖ per ㎝ dbh of a pine tree with acetamiprid on the early June. As a result, all of the vector insects were not fed and the feeding area was within 11 ㎟ and the mortality of M. alternatus was 70%.