Meat affects color and quality by metabolite concentrations. Meat produces metabolites, and metabolites are caused by a variety of causes. Meat also produces metabolites by oxidation, which is an inevitable chemical process that meat undergoes which is resulting information of various chemical compounds. Thus, the aim of this study was to profiling the change of metabolites of M. longissimus lumborum during the storage at 4°C. Instrumental color measurements were showed decreasing chroma value, redness and yellowness (P<0.05) during storage, while non-significance (P>0.05) changes found in lightness value. Above all, hue angle was highest at 21 d of storage (P<0.05). The lipid and protein oxidation of muscles was measured by TBARS value significantly increased (P<0.05), thiol and carbonyl groups were also increased significantly (P<0.05) during the display. Total 19 of 60 identified compounds appeared to have a significant difference by storage time (P<0.05). Hue angle had a significant correlation with specific metabolites such as carbon disulfide, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, lactic acid and palmitic acid (P<0.05). Results of the current study provide the conversion of volatile and non-volatile metabolites and their correlation with oxidative indicators for changes in meat quality during aerobic storage.

Canine inflammatory mammary carcinoma (CIMC) similar to human inflammatory breast cancer is a very aggressive, metastatic type of cancer. Previous studies have introduced a new type of tumor angiogenesis called vasculogenic mimicry that may play an important role in the progression of inflammatory mammary cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the development process of vessels by neoplastic cells in CIMC. Patient dog, 14-year old Shit-Tzu female, had a hard and somewhat movable dark-reddish mammary tumor, sized 6.2 cm in diameter. Bloody dark turbid exudate was released from the tumor. In addition to histological examination, immunohistochemistry for pancytokeratin, VCAM-1, MECA- 32, TWIST-1, and Ki-67 was respectively performed using the ABC method. Histologically, the inflammatory mammary carcinoma was characterized by tubular solid tumor emboli within the lymphatic vessels surrounded by desmoplastic fibrous connective tissue. Some of the neoplastic cells were transforming into elongate or spindle shapes and forming small vessel-like structures in the solid tumor mass. The neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for VCAM-1 and MECA-32, but showed low immunoreactivity for Ki-67. Immunoreactive neoplastic cells for VCAM-1 and MECA-32 suggested the possibility that the neoplastic cells transform into endothelial cells of vessels by epithelial-mesenchymal transition, further supported by serial morphological changes identified by histological investigation and immunohistochemistry for TWIST-1. The high capacity of the neoplastic cells forming the vasculatures in CIMC explains the high ratio of metastasis to other regions, even though Ki-67 index was not so high.

Many experimental and numerical approaches have been developed to evaluate paving materials and to predict pavement response and distress. Micromechanical simulation modeling is a technology that can reduce the number of physical tests required in material formulation and design and that can provide more details, e.g., the internal stress and strain state, and energy evolution and dissipation in simulated specimens with realistic microstructural features. A clustered distinct element modeling (DEM) approach was implemented In the two-dimensional particle flow software package (PFC-2D) to study the complex behavior observed in asphalt mixture fracturing. The relationship between continuous and discontinuous material properties was defined based on the potential energy approach. The theoretical relationship was validated with the uniform axial compression and cantilever beam model using two-dimensional plane strain and plane stress models. A bilinear cohesive displacement-softening model was implemented as an intrinsic interface and applied for both homogeneous and heterogeneous fracture modeling in order to simulate behavior in the fracture process zone and to simulate crack propagation. A disk-shaped compact tension test (DC(T)) with heterogeneous microstructure was simulated and compared with the experimental fracture test results to study Mode I fracture. The realistic arbitrary crack propagation including crack deflection, microcracking, crack face sliding, crack branching, and crack tip blunting could be represented in the fracture models. This micromechanical modeling approach represents the early developmental stages towards a 'virtual asphalt laboratory,' where simulations of laboratory tests and eventually field response and distress predictions can be made to enhance our understanding of pavement distress mechanisms, such its thermal fracture, reflective cracking, and fatigue crack growth.