Herein, we compared the epidemiological aspects of pathogenic microbial foodborne disease (FBD) outbreaks in Korea and Japan from 2011 to 2015. In Korea, the cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of FBD was 12.6 per 100,000 individuals, and the patients per outbreak (P/O) was 22.1 for the period from 2011 to 2015. During the same period in Japan, the CIR was 17.4, and the P/O was 21.1. In Korea, outbreaks of FBDs were more common in summer, whereas those in Japan were more frequent in winter. In Korea, microbial agents accounted for 55.6% of all outbreaks, whereas that in Japan was 77.1% of all outbreaks. Moreover, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium spp., pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were more common in Korea than in Japan. In summary, FBD outbreaks showed characteristic differences between Korea and Japan, reflecting differences in culture, food habits, climate, and geography between the two countries.

The purpose of the study was to simplify standard HACCP manual for improving the on-site applicability and increasing the implementation rate of HACCP program for small- and medium-sized dairy farms (SMDF). A survey was carried out in 32 SMDFs using a structured questionnaire. The results indicated that the number of workers had a positive correlation with HACCP certifications (p < 0.05). Most of HACCP non-certified farms (66.7%) were run by two workers with 40-60 cows and milking yields of 1,000-1,500 L per day. Major drawbacks for dairy farmers to implement current HACCP system were the difficulties in daily recording and facility management (40%). On the basis of the survey results, it was suggested that the development of on-site standard HACCP manual and user-friendly record chart with O/X checklist were the most urgent factors to increase HACCP implementation rate. In addition, the alternative third party service for microbial and chemical tests could also be accompanied for small-sized dairy farms.

두 종류의 Cronobacter 선택배지(DFI agar, R&F agar) 의 분유 및 건조호박 내 Cronobacter의 선택 분리능을 realtime PCR법과 함께 비교하였다. 분유에서의 Cronobacter 검출률은 세 가지 방법에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나(p < 0.05), 건조호박의 경우 R&F배지와 real-time PCR법이 DFI에서보다 유의적으로 높은 검출률을 보였다 (p < 0.05). 배지 간 선택성에 있어서도, R&F 선택배지는 건조호박에서 DFI에 비해 유의적으로 높은 선택성을 나타냈다(p < 0.05). Real-time PCR 및 R&F배지의 사용은 분유뿐만 아니라, 건조 호박 등의 높은 경쟁세균총을 갖는 영유아식의 원료로 사용될 수 있는 식품군에서도 Cronobacter를 효과적으로 검출할 수 있는 방법으로 사료된다.

This study was performed to measure the posture correction effect of wearing ergonomic experimental clothing. Two types of experimental clothing (A, B) were developed. Both of them reinforced the muscles surrounding the spine. Experimental clothing A was developed by reflecting the shape and position of the pectoralis major muscle, abdominal muscle, and latissimus dorsi muscle. Experiment clothing B was developed by reflecting the integrated form of those muscles. Subjects were males in their 20s~30s (n=32). They were divided into two groups based on their acromion distance (AD): the turtle neck syndrome group (n=16, AD=3.81cm) and the normal group (n=16, AD=1.27cm). The correction of body posture was detected by three index values: change of the cervical curvature angle, horizontal distance between the seventh cervical vertebra and tragion, and AD. The comfort and tightness of the clothing were also measured. The results showed that both types of experimental clothing corrected body posture and that turtle neck syndrome can be prevented by wearing these types of posture correcting clothing. Two index values were decreased: cervical curvature angle (0.31~1.32°) and horizontal distance between seventh cervical vertebra and tragion (0.22~0.31cm). The chest was also stretched. The comfort was rated as good for both types of experimental clothing. These results indicate that the experimental clothing had a posture correction effect without any discomfort for daily living.

본 연구에서는 하수슬러지 가용화를 위한 불용성전극을 개발하여 전기화학적 특성을 확인 하였다. 이리듐을 주촉매로 사용하여 하수슬러지 가용화에 적합한 촉매를 선정하여 내구성이 우수하고 하수슬러지 전기분해에 적합한 기능성 전극 실험을 진행하였고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 전극의 코팅 소성온도를 주 촉매인 Ir의 질량감소가 적고, 흡열반응 구간인 300℃부터 500℃까지의 범위로 선정하고 실험을 하였다. 실험결과 350℃에서 촉매의 효율성이 가장 우수하게 나왔다. 각각의 바인더 별(Ta, Sn, W) 실험에서도 350℃에서 가장 큰 촉매효율성이 나타났다. 바인더로 사용한 탄탈럼, 주석, 텅스텐 중 탄탈럼이 다른 금속보다 주 촉매의 특성을 그대로 유지시키며 전극의 효율성을 향상시키는 것을 확인하 였다. 50%IrO2 전극의 경우 1.4 V(vs. Ag/AgCl) 약 29 mA/cm2 의 전류가 발생하여 전극의 효율을 평 가하였다.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades play critical roles in various cellular events including abiotic/biotic stress responses, innate immunity, hormone signaling and cell specificity in plants. The MAPK-mediated stress and ethylene signaling are recently known to be involved in nitogen-fixing symbiotic interactions; however, the biological role of MAPK for nodule development in legume plants is largely unknown. We here elucidated that MtMKK5-MtMPK3/6 cascade negatively regulate the nitrogen fixing nodule formation in Medicago truncatula. MtMKK5, an ortholog of SIMKK, overexpression significantly reduces the nodule formation in M. truncatula roots. MtMKK5 directly activates MtMPK3/6 by phosphorylation on the TEY motif within the activation loop in the cytoplasm, which might link to EFD as a negative regulator for nodule formation. EFD has a putative MAPK phosphorylation Thr residue and could be a target of the activated MtMPK3/6 in the nucleus. Consistently, a MAPK specific inhibitor U0126 enhances nodule formation and confers similar nodule phenotypes to the efd-1 mutant such as lower proliferation and differentiation to symbiotic tissues. Our works thus reveal a key negative signaling module mediated by MtMKK5-MtMPK3/6-EFD for symbiotic nitrogen fixing nodule organogenesis.