With the advancement of industrialization, modern industry had sophisticated technology, and manufacturers also demanded high-precision measurement accuracy. Improving the quality level by increasing the reliability of measurement results as well as accurate measurement is a key issue to increase the competitiveness of today's manufacturing industry. In general, measurement results depend on tolerances in the industrial field, and it may be difficult to guarantee the reliability of the data in the case of an industry that deals with precision parts. Currently, measurement uncertainty is mainly applied to the calibration and test fields of instruments. This study is aim to apply measurement uncertainty as a way to improve the accurate analysis and reliability of measurement results in the industrial field. For this, precision parts connected by shaft and hole were selected among geometric elements, and roundness and cylindricity were measured using a roundness measuring instrument and CMM. And, taking into account the environment in which these measurements were made, factors affecting the measurement results were derived, and a mathematical model was established to calculate the measurement uncertainty. Applying uncertainty in the field in this way is expected to improve the level of quality and accurate analysis of measurement results.

In the field of length, a gauge block is one of the representative gauges used as a standard for length. The main management items of the gauge block are central length, flatness, parallelism, hardness, and surface by visual inspection. The surface of the gauge block may wear over time due to repeated wringing. This phenomenon may deteriorate the precision accuracy and affect the reliability of the measurement results. In this study, the parameters of the surface roughness of the gauge blocks used repeatedly for about 10,000 hours were analyzed. The paired t-test of population mean difference was compared by using the gauge block that has changed over the years as a preliminary experiment and the gauge block with little frequency of use for less than 1 year as the reference value.

Free-living nematodes feed on bacteria, algae, fungi, dead organisms, and living tissues. They release nutrients for plant use and improve soil structure and water holding capacity. They are usually the most abundant type of nematodes in soil and marine environments. This study has been conducted to survey the distribution and identification of soil nematodes from rhizosphere soil of plant for investigation of indigenous species according to Convention on Biological Diversity. Three species of free-living nematodes belonging to the order of Dorylaimida were found from paddy soil and soybean fields, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do and one species was found from soil, Dokdo island, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Aporcelaimellus obtusicaudatus, Eudorylaimus arcus and Mesodorylaimus spengelii are newly collected from Korea. A. obtusicaudatus can be recognized by its large body, short odontostyle being much thicker than cuticle at the same level, well developed gonads, shape and length of the tail. E. arcus is distinctive because of the wide lateral field, tail form and supplement arrangement. M. spengelii is smaller species with short odontostylet, simple guiding ring. Female tail more or less uniformly attenuated, tip is not swollen, nor curved dorsally.

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading causative agent of acute hepatitis in humans. Zoonotic HEV strains have been isolated from several animal species, including pigs. New HEV variants have been recently isolated from camels in the Middle East. In the present study, fecal samples from fallow deer, formosan deer, alpaca, and guanaco were analyzed for the detection of HEV. One HEV strain was detected from guanaco, a species of camelids. The nucleotide sequence of guanaco HEV was identical to those of deer HEV-3 strains, which implied the cross-species transmission of HEV-3 from deer to guanaco.

All measurements include uncertain factors affecting the result in accordance with environment and conditions. In order to guarantee right decision making and quality improvement, these factors must be found and appropriate actions should be taken. This paper aims to estimate and analyze variabilities found in set-up and as well as measurement uncertainty when using CMM(Coordinate Measuring Machine). Two skilled operators were selected to individually measure a product which was a kind of main part of an engine called connecting rod cap. The results showed that at the least, 10 % was stable while at the most, 30 % was somewhat unstable regarding P, percentage of measuring errors. There was little difference between the two operators on measurement uncertainty expecially considering their degree of freedom based on their objective and subjective judgement of type B uncertainty despite the significant difference between them. Through this research, I have come to a conclusion that a much more detailed analysis on variation factors can be identified in general measurement by using CMM and the result of set-up variability demands specific investigation and efforts to improve operators’ skill or thorough examination on the method of setting product to minimize set-up variability later.

There can be included a variety of uncertainties in all measurement results whether we can perceive or not on the causes. These uncertainties may end up in lowering the reliability of measurement results and also deteriorate the level of quality. For the purpose, we tried to combine the strengths of measurement uncertainty and measurement system analysis together to present a practical flowchart so as to verify those potential variation factors in general measurement processes. As a case study, we did an experiment and gathered data on the length between two holes of an engine cylinder head which is a core part for vehicles with a coordinate measuring machine and estimated nine uncertainty factors of it. Consequently, it was identified that the four primary factors among the nine which were related to the measurement standard, random errors or spread of the repeat measurements, differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion and the environment especially had been the influence around the laboratory. Since it is impossible to analyze the equipment and appraisal variations respectively through the only measurement uncertainty, we have used the measurement system analysis following the flowchart. Showing the result of being just about 0.5 % lower for the appraisal variation, and the equipment variation occupied about 7% for the total Gage R&R. Through this research, we have come to a conclusion that much more detail analysis on variation factors can be possible to be identified in measurement processes by using the developed flowchart which is composed of measurement uncertainty and measurement system analysis. Therefore, we expect engineers who are involved in quality and measurements to utilize this developed method.

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a serious public health problem worldwide, as it is one of the main risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cross-species transmission of HBV has been reported in non-human primates, and pigs may also be infected with HBV or an HBV-like agent. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the presence of HBV antigens and anti-HBV antibodies in pig sera, providing further support for the existence of HBV or an HBV-like agent in pig populations. The HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) in pig serum samples were detected using HBsAg and HBeAg ELISA Kits, respectively. Antibodies to HBsAg and the Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in serum samples were also detected using anti-HBsAg and anti-HBcAg antibody ELISA Kits, respectively. HBsAg and HBeAg were detected in 7 of 442 (1.6%) and 7 of 184 (3.8%) pig serum samples, respectively. Furthermore, antibodies specific to HBsAg and HBcAg were identified in 45 of 442 (10.2%) and 39 of 434 (9.0%) pig serum samples, respectively. However, neither HBV DNA nor antibodies to HBeAg were detected in 409 and 298 pig serum samples, respectively. HBV antigens and anti-HBV antibodies were both present in a considerable number of pig serum samples, suggesting that pigs could be infected with a variant HBV or an HBV-like agent. Further studies will be necessary to confirm cross-species infection of pigs with HBV.

식물기생성선충으로 인한 피해를 경감시키고 예방하기 위한 방안으로 본 연구는 고추 시설하우스 재배지역의 토양 내 선충 발생 양상과 분포 및 밀도 조사를 하였다. 밀양시 부북면, 무안면 그리고 상남면의 고추 시설재배 32 농가의 56개 하우스로부터 71점의 토양 샘플을 수집하여 고추 재배 연작 연수 및 고추 재배 시기 등에 따른 식물기생선충의 분포와 밀도를 비교 분석하였다. 농가의 방제제 사용으로 인하여 고추 재배 연작 연수와 선충 밀도와의 유의성은 없었다. 선충의 발생 양상은 뿌리혹선충, 참선충, 둥근꼬리선충, 창선충, 위축선충 그리고 부식성선충을 포함한 기타 선충이 검출되었다. 식물기생성 선충들 중 뿌리혹선충의 밀도가 가장 높았다. 밀양시 고추 시설재배지 중 부북면, 무안면, 상남면의 순으로 뿌리혹선충의 밀도가 높은 경향을 나타내었다.

A 7-year-old, spayed female, domestic short hair cat showed signs of a 2-week history of chronic anorexia, depression, and severe weight loss. Upon physical examination, pyrexia, mild gingivitis, and pale mucus membranes were noted. Laboratory analysis revealed normocytic normochromic non-regenerative anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed the presence of elevated alpha-2 fraction within the globulin concentration. Based on history, clinical signs, and laboratory results, systemic viral infection was strongly suspected. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction identified the presence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the serum. Furthermore, gene sequencing revealed the virus as FIV subtype A. Treatment with anti-retroviral agents, including azidothymidine (AZT) and recombinant human interferon-alpha, was continued for 4 weeks. However, the patient’s clinical condition deteriorated, resulting in death 1 month after initiation of treatment due to progressive renal failure. Necropsy and histopathology revealed hepatic and renal necrosis with hyper-cellular bone marrow mainly comprised of myeloid precursor cells. This case report is the first to describe phylogenetic subtyping, anti-retroviral combination treatment, and clinical outcomes in an FIV-infected cat in Korea. In addition, this report suggests that treatment should be initiated during the early phase of infection that could be effective for the virus.

Salmonella species is one of the major bacterial agents that causes gastrointestinal disease in pigs. Natural antimicrobials derived from plants may be alternative therapeutics that could replace currently used antibiotics in the control of infectious disease. In this study, we assessed the antibacterial activity of Oenothera biennis L. extract against Salmonella Typhimurium both in vitro and in vivo. O. biennis L. extract had a strong inhibitory effect on S. Typhimurium in vitro, reducing bacterial growth by 87%. For the in vivo experiment, 16 post-weaned pigs were divided into 4 groups consisting of 4 pigs each: an uninfected, untreated negative control group; an untreated positive control group that was infected with S. Typhimurium; and two groups that were infected with S. Typhimurium and treated with either 0.1% or 0.5% O. biennis L. extract. Pigs were followed for 21 days after infection, and their body weight, daily gains, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed efficiency (FE) were monitored. The pigs treated with O. biennis L. extract had significantly higher daily gains than the positive control group (p<0.05). The O. biennis L. extract-treated pigs also exhibited better weight gain and FE, as well as a lower FCR and less severe diarrhea, than the positive controls but these results were not statistically significant. Our study demonstrates that O. biennis L. extract has antibacterial effects against S. Typhimurium, both in vitro and in vivo, and that these antibacterial effects may produce better growth performance in pigs infected with S. Typhimurium.

Matrix 2 protein ectodomain (M2e) of influenza virus appears to be a promising vaccine candidate because its sequence is highly conserved among virus strains. However, M2e is too meager to induce a strong immune response by itself. Several approaches are being used to increase the antigenicity of M2e. In an effort to enhance the M2e-specific immune response, we generated a TAT-conjugated M2e recombinant protein. Seven-week-old BALB/c mice were divided into three groups and transcutaneously immunized with 100 μg TAT-8×M2e (TAT conjugated with eight copies of M2e) and 8×M2e (eight copies of M2e) proteins on days 1, 15 and 29. The control mice were injected with PBS on the same days. Antibody titers specific for M2e were measured using indirect ELISA. Mice immunized with the TAT-8×M2e and 8×M2e proteins developed almost the same levels of M2e-specific total IgG and IgG1 antibodies. However, a higher level of M2e-specific IgG2a was observed in mice immunized with TAT-8×M2e than in those immunized with 8×M2e. These results suggest that TAT has an adjuvant effect that induces a Th1-type immune response. Therefore, the TAT-M2e vaccine can be applied to animals as a new influenza vaccine for enhancement of Th1-type immune responses.

콩 씨스트 선충은 콩 수량에 가장 심각한 피해를 입히는 선충이며, 콩 씨스트 선충으로 입는 피해가 연 간 전 세계적으로 9백만 메가그램이나 되는 것으로 추정되고 있다. 콩 씨스트 선충은 식물 영양분을 먹어 뿌리의 성장을 지연시키고 근류균의 고정을 억제함으로서 수량의 감소를 가져 오게 된다. 콩 씨스트 선충을 방제하는 근본적인 방법은 저항성 품종을 재배하거나 윤작을 하는 것이다. 유전적으로 콩 씨스트 선충의 다양한 레이스들과 상업적 품종들의 제한된 저항성 품종들이 오랜 시간에 걸쳐 레이스 전환을 가져왔고, 이러한 이유로 콩 씨스트 선충의 방제가 매우 어려운 실정이다. 이 논문은 콩의 중요성, 콩 씨스트 선충, 콩 씨스트 선충 저항성에 대한 연구현황, 그리고 전망에 관해 고찰하였다.

풋고추의 육묘관리시에 최적 시비농도를 구명하기 위하여 무기이온을 농도별로 처리한 다음 식물체의 생육과 광합성에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 초장은 무기이온의 농도가 증가할수록 길었으며, 표준농도인 1.0배를 시비한 것보다 2.0배의 고농도로 시비하였을 때에 ‘녹광’은 72%, ‘꽈리’는 18% 신장생장이 촉진되었다. 건물중은 ‘꽈리’의 경우에 무기이온의 농도가 높을수록 증가하였으나, ‘녹광’의 경우에는 고농도인 2.0배 처리시에는 오히려 감소하였다. 엽록소의 함량은 무기이온의 농도가 2.0배까지 높을수록 증가하였다 광합성속도, 기공전도도 및 증산속도는 두 품종 모두 1.5배의 농도로 관주하였을 때에 가장 높았는데, 이때의 광합성속도를 비교하면 ‘녹광’은 8.74μmol.m-2 s-1, ‘꽈리’는 5.10μmol.m-2 s-1로서 생육이 왕성하였던 ‘녹광’의 광합성속도가 더 높았다.