As a tropical country, Indonesia emphasize the agricultural sector in its economic development. Consequently the lignocellulosic biomass material as an agricultural waste is abundantly available. On the other hand, the production and consumption of edible mushrooms in Indonesia have gradually been increasing for years. Most of them is cultivated on lignocellulosic biomass material. Based on the substrate of their cultivation, the production of edible mushrooms in Indonesia was divided into two types. The first is using sawdust as a main substrate. Mushrooms cultivated in this substrate are oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp), ear mushroom (Auricularia sp), and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). The second is to use rice straw as a main substrate. They are rice straw mushroom (Volvariella sp) and a button mushroom (Agaricus sp). All of the mushroom cultivation are done in small and medium scale without mechanization. This paper revealed the method of mushroom cultivation in Indonesia using both main substrate, sawdust and rice straw. The bioconversion of lignocellulose substrat into fresh fruiting body of mushroom is expressed in Biological Efficiency (BE). It was determinated by the weight of fresh mushroom as a percentage of the weight of wet substrate. The result show that the BE of Pleurotus sp growing on sawdust was 35-40%, while Volvariella sp growing on rice straw was 15-20%.