This study aims to examine the effects of taping of the ankle joint on the static and dynamic balance and gait ability of stroke patients. Twenty-six stroke patients receiving physical therapy at a hospital located in Gyeonggi-do were divided equally into a group that had taping in physical therapy and an ordinary physical therapy group. They exercised for 30 minutes each, 3 times per week for 8 weeks from June to August 2011. Romberg’s eye open and eye closed tests, limits of stability(LOS), forward and back test, timed up and go test(TUG) and 10-meter gait velocity test were performed to evaluate static balance, dynamic balance, and gait ability, respectively, prior to and 8 weeks after the intervention. Differences within each group in relation to the lapse of time were compared by a paired t-test. Differences between the two groups were compared by an independent t-test. Regarding comparison of differences within each group, all tests resulted in significant changes in both groups after the intervention (p<.05). Comparison of differences between the two groups showed that taping in the physical therapy group had significantly better test results than the ordinary physical therapy group in all measured items(p<.05). The after effects of ankle taping on stroke patients are more efficient and effective than ordinary physical therapy alone in improving balance and gait ability.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. Accordingly, a chemical control system was made with the aim of effectively control gray mold, anthrax, and spotting disease which occur during growth period. fungicide resistance of gray mold rot was examined to find out whether the chemical control system can be used over the long term. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geumsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. The chemical control system was done to the plants of two years old or older. As for the order of the treatment, from the end of April to May Fludioxonil (A) and Pyraclostrobin (B) were used; from the mid-May to the end of July of growth stages Difenoconazole (C), Iminoctadinetris (albesilate) (D), Cyprodinil (E), Metconazole (F), Fluazinam (G) and Pyrimethanil (H); from August to September nonresidualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb (K); in November of hibernating period, Fenhexamid (I) and Carbendazim/diethofencarb (J) were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The isolation of Botrytis cinerea for examination into mycelial growth inhibition rate was conducted to 4-year old ginseng in Geumsan, 5-year old in Yesan, and 3-year old in Sejong. In Geumsan, the mycelial growth inhibition rate to Botrytis cinerea was 75.5% - 100%. Every fungicides showed good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was seen in fungicide B at 75.5%. K showed the prevention rate at 76.8%, D at 82.7%, and I at 82.2%, and other fungicides at 100%. In Sejong area, the hyphal prevention rate of Botrytis cinerea was 71.0% - 100%, indicating all fungicides show good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was recorded by fungicide B at 71.1%, D at 81.1%, K at 85.4%, and I at 95.4%. Yesan area also showed similar results to those of Geumsan and Sejong. Conclusion : Botrytis cinerea was isolated from ginseng and mycelial growth inhibition effect was examined in concentration of 11 kinds of fungicides. In all three areas where chemical control system were applied, resistance was not found, suggesting that the chemical control system can be applied to control diseases of ginseng.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. In particular, gray mold rot occurs to plants of every year, growth duration, and hibernating stage, and decays leaves, stems, and roots, lowering the amount of harvest. This experiment was conducted with the aim of effectively preventing gray mold rot, and other major diseases such as anthrax and spotting disease, and establishing chemical control system. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geunsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. As for the procedure of medical treatment, from the end of April to early May of germination period, Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin were used. From the mid-May to the end of July of growth period, Difenoconazole, Iminoctadine tris (albesilate), Cyprodinil, Metconazole, Fluazinam, and Pyrimethanil were used. From August to September, non residualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb was used. In November of hibernating stage, Fenhexamid and Carbendazim/diethofencarb were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The chemical control system effect was compared with conventional prevention. When chemical control system was used, stem spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 0.34% than 1.2% of the conventional method. Leaf spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 1.4% compared with 7.1% of the conventional method, and anthrax occurred at a lower rate by more than 10% than the conventional method. Stem gray mold rot occurred at a rate of 4.1% when the conventional method was used, but the rate stood at 5.3% in Geumsan, 8.9% in Yesan, 2.3% in Sejong when the prevention method was used, which suggest the chemical control system was effective. Conclusion : When chemical control system was applied to prevent major diseases of ginseng, spotting disease, anthrax, and gray mold occurred at lower rates compared with the case where the conventional method was used. The finding is that the chemical control system can be utilized to prevent major diseases of ginseng.

Background : Dungkunma (Dioscorea bulbifera, commonly known as the air potato, air yam, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam) is a species of true yam in the yam family, and has been used as folk remedy to treat conjunctivitis, diarrhea and dysentery, etc. This study was carried out to investigate shelf-life and quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma (Dioscorea bulbifera) in order to elevate utilization of Dungkunma as fresh food. Methods and Results : Before vacuum-packaging (in polyethylene/polypropylene film (100 ㎛, 15 × 20 ㎝, 75 ± 2 ㎝Hg) and storage at 2℃, Dungkunma were peeled out and cut to dice type (2.0 ± 0.5 ㎤), and then washed and blanched (30 sec at 90 ± 2℃ hot water and 2% NaCl solution) and pre-dried at room temperature, 40℃ and 50℃ for removing surface water. Each peeled dice Dungkunma were packed 50 g in polyethylene/polypropylene film (100 ㎛, 15 × 20 ㎝) with vacuum treatment (75 ± 2 ㎝Hg) and stored at 2℃ for 90 days. Hardness and adhesiveness of Dungkunma blanched by 2% NaCl and pre-dried at 50℃ (SB50) was the highest and increased and decreased, respectively, but changes was the least during storage. Lightness and yellowness of stored Dungkunma in all treatments decreased slightly and redness increased during storage but changes of color was the least at SB50. On vacuum packing, SB50 showed 1.88 log CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria during 90 days, and E. coliwas detected in all treatments during whole storage periods. Dioscin and allantoin content of SB50 was virtually unchanged during the storage. Conclusion : Consequently, the results of this study suggest that vacuum packaged Dungkunma after blanching at 2% NaCl could be effective to prolong the quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma and could be easily used.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum root (PGR) was one of the primary herbs used in a phlegm-relieving herb from the past. Platycoside compounds on PGR may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties. In order to developing a concentrate product that improved the functionality and preference of PGR, it was fermented using lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum N76-10 and 56-12). Methods and Results : The concentrate products were created by PGR-concentrate (PGRC, 60 ºBrix) mixed with fermented PGR-extract (FPGRE, 2 ºBrix) at the level of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200%. Sweetness and preference were supplemented by other added materials including honey, oligosaccharide, concentrate of jujube (60 ºBrix) and pear (60 ºBrix), and cactus Chounnyouncho extract (2 ºBrix). The products were put into investigation for their preference of taste, antimicrobial activity in accordance with amount of FPGRE. When it comes to preference of taste, the most favor is adding 100% of FPGRE on PGRC. The product added 150% FPGRE exhibited a strong microbial anti-proliferation in all four kinds (Corynrbacterium diphtheriae, Klebsiella pnneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) of bacteria inducing bronchus diseases and was higher antimicrobial activity than concentrate without FPGRE. In terms of the sensory evaluation (taste, texture and visco-elasticity), concentrate mixed with FPGRE (10), jujube concentrate (2), pear concentrate (10), cactus Chounnyouncho extract (10), oligosaccharide (2), honey (1) and xanthan gum (0.02) showed the highest scores. Conclusion : Thus, A PGR concentrate was made by adding FPGRE (100%) and it was increased organoleptic quality, antimicrobial activity. These studies may provide new product development for effective utilization on Platycodon grandiflorum root.

Background : For cultivation of varieties of ginseng, the pure line selection method, which is to select the best among those cultivated in farms for pedigree breeding, replicated yield trials and regional adaptation trials before registering as a new variety, is widely used. Although there are 25 registered varieties of ginseng in Korea, the quality of ginseng is declining together with the amount of harvest being decreased by 15 - 20% due to the heat injuries and diseases from the warming & abnormal climate. Thus, the needs for development of disaster-resistant varieties with better chances of surviving through high temperature, salts and disease are increasing. Therefore, this study is to cultivate disaster-resistant varieties among those selected for their disaster tolerance and salt tolerance through regional adaptation trials. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the growth characteristics of the selected 2 - 5 year old varieties used in the study, among the 5-year old crops, Goryeo 4 and Eumseong 5 showed superior growth in both above and below aerial parts, and among the 4-year old crops, Eumseong 11 and Cheonryang showed superior growth while the growth in the below aerial parts were satisfactory in the order of Cheonryang > Eumseong 10 > Eumseong 11 > Eumseong 9. Among the 3-year old crops, the most superior growth in both above and below aerial parts was observed in Eumseong 14 with the weight of the below aerial part, root diameter and taproot length at 13.8 g, 11.8 ㎝ and 6.2 ㎝ respectively. Among the 2-year old crops, Eumseong 10 showed the most superior growth in both above and below aerial parts. Conclusion : Based on the above results, Goryeo 4 and Eumseong 5 among the 5-year old crops, Eumseong 11 among the 4-year old crops, Eumseong 14 among the 3-year old crops and Eumseon 10 among the 2-year old crops showed the most superior growth among the selected varieties. The growth characteristics of both above and below aerial parts in each year will continuously be monitored.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial, and damage occurs due to various diseases and pests. As a result, yield decreases and quality deteriorates. In particular, it is impossible to be repeatedly cultivated due to root rot, soil-borne disease. For this, in order to control root rot and repeatedly cultivate ginseng by using soil fumigation from virgin soil, this experiment was conducted. Methods and Results : This experiment was performed in ginseng farm field, Geumsan-gun, Chungnam province. And total area was 3ha. And the experiment was conducted in soil where apple trees had been grown. Apple trees were rooted up in 2006. And soil was fumigated in May 2007. With regard to soil fumigant, soil was treated with Basamid of 40kg/10a. After soil fumigation, 5 ton/10a of cattle manure fermented for 1 year was put in the soil in June, and then the soil was cared for by being plowed and rotary-tilled as occasion. Ginseng seeds were sowed in the soil cared for in October 2007. And 4-year-old ginseng was harvested in 2011. The soil from which ginseng was harvested was fumigated by the same method in May 2012, and then ginseng seeds were sowed in 1.5ha in October 2012 and in 1.5ha in October 2013. In October 2013, 3-year-old and 4-year-old ginseng was harvested. And ginseng growth characteristics and root rot incidence was examined. It was shown that 4-year-old ginseng yield after the fumigation of virgin soil was nearly 2 times as high as that of conventional virgin soil cultivation. And root rot didn't occur. After that time, the soil was fumigated again. And when ginseng was cultivated, 3-year-old and 4-year-old ginseng yield was 650kg and 960kg per 10a. And it was shown that root rot incidence was 1.3% and 15.3% in 3-year-old and 4-year-old ginseng respectively. Conclusion : This study showed the results where ginseng can be cultivated repeatedly if soil was fumigated again after ginseng was harvested following the soil fumigation from virgin soil so as to control the ginseng root rot and cultivate ginseng repeatedly.

Background : The effective components of Omija(Schisandra chinensis Bailllon) are lignans (schizandrins and gomisins), and this components were contented mostly in seed part on Omija, which have various physiological functionalities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Methods and Results : This study was carried out to determine effective condition(CO2, CO2+ethanol) on extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) system and to find interrelation on effective components and antioxidant activity of extracts and residues obtained after extraction. Effective components were analysed lignans and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activirty was determined for DPPH radical scavenging ability on methanol extracts of SFE-extract and SFE-residue. On SFE with ethanol, SFE extract was separated two phase, upper(water phase) and lower(oil phase). SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content(61.36 mg/g, 72.14 mg/g on lower, 50.58 mg/g on upper) and the lowest total phenolic compounds(6.52 mg/100g) and SFE-residue showed the lowest total lignans content(1.45 mg/g) and the highest total phenolic compounds(16.23 mg/100g) by extracted on CO2+ethanol treatment. SFE-residue methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging abilities and SFE-extract upper showed the lowest. Conclusion : Thus, this results showed SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content, but SFE-residue showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability although the lowest total lignans content.

Background : According to medicinal plant standard culture, flower organ should be removed but there is no detail information on flower organ removal in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi. This study was carried out to examine effect of flower organ removal on the increase of roots yield in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi. Methods and Results : ○ Experiment variety : Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi. ○ Treatment : ① Flower organ non-cutting ② Flower organ cutting ○ Planting date : April, 2015/ April 25, 2016 ○ Planting distance : 30×20cm/ 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng & Medicinal Plant Research Institute(Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : The fresh rhizome yield of F. O. C. at a bud treatments were increased 21.0% ∼50.0% compare to F. O. N. C. treatments. The fresh rhizome yield of F. O. C. at a flower treatments were increased 17.4%∼34.6% compare to F. O. N. C. treatments. The fresh weight of above-ground parts of F. O. C. treatments were decreased 77.2%∼65.7% compare to F. O. N. C. treatments. F. O. C.(=Flower organ cutting) / F. O. N. C.(=Flower organ non-cutting).

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum root(PGR) was one of the primary herbs used in a phlegm-relieving herb from the past. Purified platycoside compounds from the roots of PGR may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties. To evaluate preference and functionality of PGR extracts, PGR was fermented by several lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria used were Leuc. mesenteroides N12-4 and N58-5, L. plantarum N76-10 and 56-12, L. brevis N70-9 and E3-8. Methods and Results : This study was performed in order to investigate the changes of platycosides, as well as the antimicrobial activities on bronchus diseases inducing bacteria(C. diphtheriae, K. pnneumoniae, S. aureus, S. pyogenes) of Platycodon grandiflorum root(PGR) fermented by using lactic acid bacteria(Leuc. mesenteroides N12-4, Leuc. mesenteroides N58-5, L. plantarum N76-10, L. plantarum N56-12, L. brevis N70-9, L. brevis E3-8). Growth of L. plantarum on PGR was the most active during lactic acid fermentation by some different strains. Total platycoside, platycoside E, platycodin A, polygalacin D2, polygalacin D and diapioplatycoside E contents of PGR fermented for 96 hours at 37℃ by Leuc. mesenteroides and L. plantarum were increased, while platycodin D and platycodin D3 were decreased. The antimicribial activity on PGR fermented by L. plantarum N56-12 exhibited a strong microbial proliferation in all four kinds of bronchus diseases inducing bacteria and was higher than non-fermented PGR extract. Conclusion : Thus, this results showed antimicrobial activities on bronchus diseases inducing bacteria and platycosides content of PGR by L. plantarum N56-12 were higher than non-fermented PGR extract.

Background : Jiwhang (Rehmannia glutinosa L.) cultivation area of chungnam province was 62ha(219 farms, 53.9% of domestic cultivation area, M.A.F.R.A. 20142)). Recently, jiwhang is rapidly spread to 150ha ( Geumsan administration statistics, 2015) as taking place of income crop in Chungnam. High quality jiwhang GAP production and improvement of the distribution system including magnus customers, producer association fosterage and conventional market Vitalization were the reason of rapid cultivation area increase of Rehmannia glutinosa L. in Geumsan. This study was performed to set up the standard Rhizome size for planting in Rehmannia glutinosa L. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Togang ○ Treatment(rhizome length) : ① 1cm ② 2cm ③ 3cm ④ 4cm ⑤ 6cm(control) ○ Planting date : May 6, 2015 ○ Planting distance : 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : In the aboveground growth was no significant difference among treatments. In the root characteristics, there was no significant difference among treatments. Take a 1∼2cm rhizome planting saved rhizome amount and planting time to 73.8%∼64.3% and 68.4%∼ 57.8% respectively than 6cm(control).

Background : Generally, price of Jiwhang(Rehmannia glutinosa L.) is highest in August. In this study, Economic Evaluation and Productivity of 9 Jiwhang varieties w ere analyzed according to harvesting tim es of August and October. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Jiwhang 1, Korea jiwhang, Daegyung, Gogang, Togang, Dagang, Wongang, Hwanggang and Yeongang ○ Treatment : ①Initial-August harvest ②Mid-August harvest ③Ended-August harvest ④Ended-October harvest ○ Planting date : April 17, 2015 ○ Planting distance : 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : The higher roots yield at August harvest was in Gogang, Dagang and Togang. The lower roots yield at August harvest was in Korea jiwhang and Hwanggang. The higher economic feasibility at August harvest was in Gogang, Togang, Dagang and Wongang. The higher economic feasibility at ended-October harvest was in Gogang, Yeongang, Togang, Dagang and Wongang.

Background : According to medicinal plant standard culture, flower stalk should be removed at the stage of 4-5 main leaves appearance but there is no detail information on stalk removal in jiwhang (Rehmannia glutinosa L.). This study was carried out to examine effect of flower stalk removal on the increase of total yield in Rehmannia glutinosa L. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Korea jiwhang, Wongang ○ Treatment : ① Peduncle non-cutting ② Peduncle cutting ○ Planting date : April 18, 2015 ○ Planting distance : 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : Aerial part growth was no significant difference according to treatments in Wongang and aerial weight was havier in Peduncle cutting than in Peduncle non-cutting. Aerial part growth was no significant difference according to treatments in Korea jiwhang. The roots yield in Korea jiwhang was increased about 5.2% in Peduncle cutting. The roots yield in Wongang was increased about 24.9% in Peduncle cutting.

Background : Bai Zhu is generally harvested in 1-2 years after seedstock planting. Recently mainly in Guemsan, Bai Zhu is harvested in just 1 year after planting in spring . According to medicinal plant standard culture, Bai Zhu should be directly sown by 20cm distance in April. This study was carried out to find out proper planting date. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Bai Zhu (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) ○ Treatment : Planting Date ① Late march ② Early april ③ Middle of april(control) ④ Late april Plantind density : ① 30×10cm ② ① 30×20cm ○ Planting type : Direct Seeding ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : Number of lateral branches in 30×10cm was more in late march than late April and aerial part growth was superior as planting date was earlier. Emergence rate was higher in middle of April and late April and aerial part weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight rate, and dry root weight were superior as planting date was earlier. Dry weight yield increased as 38.3% in late March compared to middle of April. Dry weight was havier as 36.2% in planting time of late March and early April than planting time of middle of April and late April. Total income was higher in planting time of late March and early April than planting time of middle of April and late April.

Background : Jiwhang (Rehmannia glutinosa L.) cultivation area of Chungnam province was 62ha (219 farms, 53.9% of domestic cultivation area, MAFRA. 20142)**). Recently, jiwhang is rapidly spread to 150ha (Geumsan administration statistics, 2015) as taking place of income crop in Chungnam. High quality jiwhang GAP production and improvement of the distribution system including magnus customers, producer association fosterage and conventional market vitalization were the reason of rapid cultivation area increase of Jiwhang in Geumsan. But low emergence rate caused by spring drought should be solved. This study was carried out to obtain basic data for emergence rate improvement in jiwhang. Materials and Methods ○ Experiment variety : Korea jiwhang ○ Treatment : ①Control ② 1 time irrigation at planting time ③1 time irrigation at planting time + transparent vinyl mulching ○ Planting date : April 30, 2015 ○ Planting distance : 30×15cm ○ Experiment place : Ginseng and Medicinal Plant Research Institute (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do) Conclusion : There was no significant difference in the aboveground growth among treatments. The seedling emergence rate was higher in 1 time irrigation at planting time + transparent vinyl mulching(1ITVM) than control or 1 time irrigation at planting time(1I). Aerial part weight was significantly havier in 11ITVM than control or 1I. The roots yield was also more in 1ITVM than control or 1I. According to economic analysis, total income in 1ITVM compared to 1I and control was 125.1% and 54.0% higher respectively.

Foehn damage on rice plant is one of the important abiotic stresses in eastern costal area of Korea. To know the relationship between foehn impact and morphological traits of rice, wind tunnel method was used with 106 rice cultivars. Less influencing traits on foehn were short panicle, large panicle number per hill, thin panicle neck, and the flag leaf of narrow, short and thick. Leaf pubescence reduced the impact on foehn. 'Naepungbyeo' belong-ed to foehn tolerant varietal group, while 'Ansanbyeo' belonged to the opposite group. Three levels of root cutting treatment with two rice cultivars were conducted to evaluate the foehn impact using wind tunnel. The severity of wind damages was followed the sigmoidal curve duration of wind tunnel treatment were prolonged. Different responses of root cutting to wind tunnel treatment could be used to evaluate the severity of the foehn impact. 'Naepungbyeo' was one of the less implausible cultivars on foehn. 'Nae-pungbyeo' showed tolerant response to wind under 21% root removing treat-ment (20㎝ root cutting), however 'Ansanbyeo' was wilted under the same treatment. In case of 35 % root removing treatment(10㎝ root cutting), both rice cultivars failed to alive against foehn wind.