본 연구는 향기가 강한 장미를 선발하고 이화학적 향기 특성 을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 향기가 있는 장미 라인의 꽃 향기 는 향분석기와 MOS타입 전자코를 이용하여 향 강도와 패턴을 조사하였다. 향기 분석 결과, 장미 라인들 중 ‘RosaScentNIHHS1’ 이 가장 높은 향 강도를 나타냈으며, 전자코 데이터의 주성분분 석(PCA)과 판별함수분석(DFA) 결과, 다른 계통과 뚜렷이 구분 되는 향기 패턴을 보였다. 또한 ‘RosaScentNIHHS1’과 모부본 품종인 ‘위스퍼’ 꽃잎의 휘발성 화합물을 헤드스페이스-고체상미 세추출법(HS-SPME)과 가스크로마토그래피-질량분석기(GC-MS) 를 이용하여 분석하였다. ‘RosaScentNIHHS1’의 주요 휘발성 화합물은 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, citronellol, geraniol이었 으며, 모부본 품종 ‘위스퍼’의 주요 화합물은 3,5-dimethoxytoluene 및 cis-3-hexenyl acetate, 4-vinyl anisole이었다. 두 계통 은 화합물 조성과 각 성분의 상대 성분비에서 상당한 차이를 나타냈다. 본 연구 결과는 향기 특성을 기반으로 한 천연 화훼 자원 개발을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 고온기 포인세티아 ‘플레임’의 안정적 재배를 위한 주간온도 관리기준을 제시하고자 수행되었다. 야간 온도를 26℃로 고정한 야간 고온 조건에서 주간 온도를 30℃, 33℃, 36℃, 39℃로 7주간 처리하였다. 39/26℃ 처리구는 5일 이내 전 개체가 고사하였고, 36/26℃ 처리구의 생존율은 60%로 감 소하였다. 초장, 초폭, 분지수는 30/26℃와 33/26℃ 처리구 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 36/26℃ 처리구는 30/26℃에 비해 각각 29.5%, 30.9%, 27.5% 감소하였다. 신엽 발생은 온도 상승에 따라 급격히 줄어들어 36/26℃에서는 평균 2.3 개로 거의 발생하지 않았다. 27/20℃에 비해 고온처리구에서 엽장은 20.3%~37.6%, 엽폭은 56.4%~57.1% 감소하여 엽장/ 엽폭 비가 증가하였다. F v/Fm과 NDVI는 처리간 큰 차이가 없었 으나, ELP는 36/26℃에서 38%로 증가하였다. 광합성 속도는 27/20℃에서 가장 높았고, 30/26℃와 33/26℃는 유사하였으 나 36/26℃ 처리구는 1,000μmol·m-2·s-1의 광도에서도 0에 가까웠다. 또한 36/26℃에서 증산속도와 세포간 CO₂ 농도가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 따라서 주간 33℃ 이상에서 포인세 티아 ‘플레임’은 생리적･형태적 장해가 급격히 증가할 수 있으 므로, 고온기 안정적인 재배를 위해서는 주간 온도를 최소한 33℃ 이하로 관리할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of water temperature during the gonadal inactive season on the sex ratio of Tegillarca granosa, a sequential hermaphroditic bivalve. The sex ratio (F:M) of the group reared in wild was 1:1.3 (n=40:52), and the female ratio was 43.5%. In experimental groups that experienced different water temperature conditions (5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0℃) in an indoor aquarium during the gonadal inactive stage, the male ratio tended to increase as the water temperature increased. The correlation between water temperature and sex ratio was calculated as R2=0.7748. The results suggest that for sequential hermaphroditic bivalves, population sizes may decrease as the proportion of females decreases if water temperatures continue to rise due to climate warming.

This study proposes a mobile-based lightweight deep learning model (Lite-MCC) capable of reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) spatial structures from a single RGB image. Conventional 3D reconstruction models require multi-view inputs or point cloud data and depend on large-scale computational resources, which limits their real-time applicability in practical environments. To address this limitation, the proposed Lite-MCC model simplifies the existing Multiview Compressive Coding (MCC) architecture, enabling accurate 3D reconstruction using only a single image. The model adopts a parallel structure consisting of a Vision Transformer (ViT-Tiny) and a Geometry Encoder to extract visual and spatial features simultaneously, while a Transformer Decoder generates the corresponding 3D point cloud. Furthermore, depth map–based input transformation and ONNX-based optimization are employed to achieve efficient real-time inference on edge devices. Experimental results on the CO3D dataset demonstrate that Lite-MCC reduces computational cost by 87% and memory usage by 65%, while maintaining a Chamfer Distance of 0.045, comparable to the original MCC model. These results indicate that the proposed method provides a promising direction for lightweight AI models enabling low-cost, real-time 3D recording and visualization.

A new aphid species record for South Korea, Greenidea (Trichosiphum) prunicola, is reported based on the collection of apterous viviparous females from Castanopsis sieboldii in Tongyeong-si in 2024. This discovery increases the number of known Greenidea species in South Korea to four. Detailed morphological descriptions, measurements, host plants, and distribution data for G. (T.) prunicola are provided. The species is characterized by its glossy reddish-brown body, a body length of 1.70–2.60 mm, a siphunculus that is 0.32–0.37 times the body length, and long, primarily bifurcated dorsal setae. Previous host records include Prunus spp., and its known distribution now includes South Korea, China, and India. A key to the four species of the genus Greenidea now known to be present in South Korea is also provided.

As increasing markets for Lithium‒ion battery (LiB), several environmental issues have attained great attention. Especially, the organic solvent N‒Methyl‒2‒Pyrrolidone (NMP), commonly used in the traditional slurry casting process for fabricating LiB electrodes, will be about to be regulated due to its toxicity and the environmental concerns. Therefore, the production of LiB electrodes by a dry process without using NMP organic solvents is of special interest nowadays. In the dry process, it is generally accepted that 1‒dimensional carbon materials like carbon nanotubes (CNT) are beneficial than conventional carbon conductor such as carbon blacks (CB). However, CB is inevitably included during the CNT production, simultaneously as an impurity. Refining CNT from CNT/CB mixture can cause another cost obviously. On the other hand, there have been limited information to study dispersion of carbon materials in electrode with respect to dispersion method and types of carbon conductor. Here, we systematically test the effect of dispersibility of carbon conductor in electrode according to dispersion method and type of carbon conductors. In addition, effect of CB amount in carbon conductor are also elucidated on manufacturing procedure, properties of electrode and their electrochemical performances.

Maize (Zea mays. L) is one of the major sources of green fodder for livestock in Pakistan. Crop management plays a key role in obtaining high yields for green fodder. Fertilizer application, seed rate, and row spacing are critical components of crop management, which can significantly affect crop biomass. To determine the best production technology, a two-year (2021-2023) study was conducted at the research area of National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad. Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, green fodder yield per acre, and green fodder yield per hectare were recorded. Various row spacing (15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, and 60 cm), fertilizer ratio (N: P = 55:30, 65:40, 75:50, and 85:60), and seed rates (30 kg/ac, 35 kg/ac, 40 kg/ac, and 45 kg/ac) were applied. Results obtained experiments revealed that in both growing seasons, the maximum green fodder yield was obtained when fertilizer N: P ratio was 75:50 (green fodder biomass: 74.61 t/ha and 72.56 t/ha). Similarly, the optimal seed rate was found to be 40 kg/ac, which resulted in the highest green fodder yield (73.41 t/ha and 72.88 t/ha in two seasons). Furthermore, the plant of maize at row spacing of 30 cm was found to generate the maximum green fodder yield (72.39 t/ha and 72.40 t/ha, respectively). Green fodder yield per hectare was found to be positively correlated with plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. These findings underscore the significance of applying a fertilizer ratio of N: P = 75:50, a seed rate 40 kg/ac, and a row spacing of 45 cm for higher yields of green fodder in maize crop.

Production technology trials for PARC’s new fodder oat cultivar (PARC-Oat) were conducted at the National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) under rain-fed conditions in Islamabad from 2021 to 2023. The effects of different fertilizer doses, planting densities (seed rates), and inter-row spacing on green fodder yield were studied. The experiment comprised four fertilizer doses of nitrogen and phosphorus (N:P) (55:30, 65:40, 75:50, and 85:60 kg/ha), four seed rate densities (30 kg/ac, 35 kg/ac, 40 kg/ac, and 45 kg/ac), and four inter-row spacings (15 cm, 30 cm, 45 cm, and 60 cm). Results based o n k ey p arameters a ffecting t he y ield of PARC-O at—namely plant height (cm), leaf area (cm²), leaves per tiller, number of tillers per plant, and green fodder yield (t/ha)—indicated that the maximum yield of 72.74 t/ha was observed with the fertilizer dose of 75:50 kg/ha (N:P). Similarly, a seed rate of 40 kg/ha produced optimal planting densities, resulting in the highest green fodder yield of 72.85 t/ha, while an inter-row spacing of 30 cm yielded the maximum green fodder yield of 74.30 t/ha. These results suggest that to achieve maximum green fodder biomass of oats, best management practices should include the application of a fertilizer dose of 75:50 (N:P), a seed rate of 40 kg/ha, and an inter-row spacing of 30 cm.