Given the increasing competition in the hospitality industry, a key question is to
investigate how consumer-generated reviews affect the consumption decision of
tourism services. Online reviews are regarded as one form of electronic word of
mouth communication (Banerjee & Chua, 2016). While researchers have
demonstrated the benefits of the presence of customer reviews on company sales, an
issue scarcely investigated is how to assess the impact of informational cues on
eWOM adoption for consumer decision-making and how individuals process and
integrate conflicting opinions from other consumers. Drawing on dual process
theories, this paper analyzes: (1) the impact of systematic information cues
(informativeness, credibility and helpfulness of reviews) on eWOM adoption; (2) the
moderating effect of conflicting reviews on the impact of eWOM adoption on
behavioural intentions.
The heuristic-systematic model HSM (Chaiken, 1980) is a widely recognized
communication model that attempts to explain how people receive and process
persuasive messages. As Zhang et al. (2014) advocated, the HSM provides broader
explanations of individuals’ information processing behaviour in the context of online
communities than do other models, such as ELM (elaboration likelihood model). We
build up and test an expanded HSM model anchored in dual process literature, which
includes the influence informativeness, credibility and helpfulness of mixed valence
online reviews (systematic information cues) have on eWOM adoption which, in turn,
influences behavioural intentions.
In order to test the hypotheses of the model an experimental subjects-design was
carried out using valence order: positive-negative vs. negative-positive as a condition.
Data was collected in January 2016 using a sample of 908 Tripadvisor heavy-users.
461 interviewees answered in the POS-NEG condition and 447 in NEG-POS
condition. Participants were instructed to imagine a situation where they were going
out for dinner to an Italian restaurant with friends and they were told to read a total of
10 reviews about the restaurant in the same order they were displayed and answer the
questions that followed. We used an experimental design. All variables were
measured with seven point likert scales. Data analysis shows informativeness
activates both review credibility and review helpfulness, which in turn influence
eWOM adoption. When the sequence of Tripadvisor reviews begins with positive commentaries, eWOM is a significant driver of intention to visit the restaurant, but when the user reads negative commentaries followed by positive ones, the effect becomes non-significant.
This study is novel because it examines the factors that drive consumers to adopt consumer generated content (eWOM) in tourism services and to make consumption decisions. This study demonstrates how systematic information cues and sequence of reviews influence on eWOM adoption and behavioural intentions. Firstly, consumer intentions to visit a restaurant are determined by the consumer's eWOM adoption, which, in turn, is determined by three information cues: informativeness, perceived credibility and helpfulness of the online reviews. Understanding the specific effects of different information cues on eWOM adoption seems to be particularly important given the tremendous competition in the tourism sector. Secondly, this study shows conflicting reviews affect the user in a complex way. When consumer reviews conflict, if the consumer reads positive reviews before the negative ones, eWOM adoption has a stronger influence on behavioural intentions. It seems that users attribute an opportunistic view to the negative comments mainly attributed to the lack of their informativeness, credibility and helpfulness. User behavioural intention to visit a restaurant is directed by systematic and heuristic information cues. Therefore, users examine content of online reviews carefully and they also are influenced by the sequence of comments.