Purpose: This study is aimed at developing Self-Efficacy Inventory of tennis players. Methods: Inventory composed in this manner was applied to 328 tennis players in middle and high schools, universities and professional teams registered with the Korean Sport & Olympic Committee. Various analysis including statistical data, exploratory factor, confirmatory factor and reliability analysis were performed on the basis of the data collected by using SPSS and AMOS. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis and prediction validity for which the developed index differs in accordance with gender and affiliation were performed. Results: A total of 3 questions were deleted because kurtosis/skewedness was not appropriate in descriptive statistics. As the result of exploratory factory analysis, there was 61.58% dispersion of single factory. As the result of confirmatory factory analysis, appropriateness of structure was confirmed and all the path coefficients with the range of .626~.834 were found to be significant. Therefore, the index for the self-efficacy of tennis player was developed with 10 single factor questions and proportional index in the range of 0-100%. Validity and reliability were also secured. In addition, it demonstrated that self-efficacy can be used in the actual field of tennis by significantly predicting the perceived competition performances and execution of sports. Conclusion: It can be utilized as a useful tool in predicting the self-efficacy of tennis players. It is deemed that there is a need to assess the effects of tennis player and self-efficacy by investigating the relationship among a diverse range of sports variables with the inventory developed in this Study in the future.

Scientific analysis and inter-Korean cooperation are needed to reduce North Korea’s environmental pollution and deforestation. Many efforts to reduce North Korea’s environmental issue have a fundamental weakness because they are generally influenced by internal and political conditions. To overcome such a weakness, two approaches may be effective; the first is to use new technology such as Google Earth and the second is to build collaborative governance that is invulnerable to political conditions. This study focuses on building collaborative governance models based on Google Earth data investigation, a previous research’s release of Google Earth database, and literature review of North Korea’s environmental issues. This research’s results are as follows. First, North Korea’s industrial regions suffer from environmental pollution and many other regions experience severe deforestation according to Google Earth-based spatial images. Second, we can discern environmental pollution such as air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and deforestation using Google Earth-based spatial image. In reality, we are able to identify deforestation and partially soil pollution with Google Earth-based spatial image. Third, there are different environmental problems among North Korea’s local regions. South Korea has to prepare and plan various collaborative governance models depending on North Korea’s local needs on environmental problems.

In 2013, the Suncheon Bay Garden Expo was successfully accomplished in Korea. This has increased Koreans’ interest in garden and its industry. Although Korea central and local governments make efforts to support the garden industry, there isn’t a sufficient data or statistics for the garden industry and its economic impacts. It is necessary to make a practical and meaningful definition and range of garden industry in Korea. This study is designed to overcome these problems by defining a garden and the garden industry, estimating garden industry’s statistics, and pointing a favorable direction of the industry. According to Huh et al. (2015b), the garden industry is defined with garden material production, garden service and distribution, and garden tourism. Estimating based on this definition and range, Korea’s garden industry generates 1.2 billion dollars in production, 1.5 billion dollars in distribution, and 80 million dollars in tourism (consumption). In total, about 2.7 billion dollars are generated in the garden industry in Korea. I suggest three strategies for a favorable development in Korea garden industry. First, in garden material production, private gardens need management improvement, while public gardens and Korean traditional gardens need government sustainable supports and R&D. Second, in garden distribution, a specific role should be assigned in Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Cooperation aT Center to connect the garden industry and distribution sectors. Third, a government-leading new industrial strategy should be made to promote consumption and tourism in the garden industry in Korea.