To improve the pyrolytic carbon (PyC) deposition rate of Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites prepared by the traditional chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method, the 3D Ni/wood-carbon (3D Ni/C) catalyst was introduced into the CVI process. The effects of catalyst on the density of C/C composites were studied, and the deposition rate and morphologies of PyC were investigated after catalytic CVI. The morphologies of catalyst and PyC were characterized by scanning electron microscope and polarized light microscopy. The catalytic deposition mechanism of PyC was studied by density functional theory. The experimental results show that the initial carbon deposition efficiency of the catalytic pyrolysis process was 3–4 times that of the noncatalytic process. The catalyst reduced the energy barrier in the first step of deposition reaction from 382.55 to 171.67 kJ/mol according to simulation results. The pyrolysis reaction energy with Ni catalyst is reduced by 54% than that without the catalyst.

The intrinsic negative Poisson’s ratio effect at the level of molecule in two-dimensional nanomaterials, especially in the perfect planar nanostructures with a single atom thickness, is really rare and has attracted a lot of research interests because of its unique mechanical properties in the nanoscale and extensive applications in mechanical nanodevices. In this work, a novel ideal planar carbon nanostructure (PCNS) framework with a single atom thickness composed by carbon and hydrogen atoms is proposed and studied by means of first-principles density functional calculation. The results showed that the PCNS is, simultaneously, of excellent thermodynamic, molecular dynamic and mechanical stabilities. In addition, the electronic structure, mechanical characters, and optical-electronic characteristics of PCNS are also explored. Excitedly, it is found that the PCNS has a significant negative Poisson’s ratio effect in plane, and the maximum value of Poisson’s ratio is as high as − 2.094. Meanwhile, the material has a wide range of elastic mechanics. Moreover, the PCNS presents an ideal UV absorption performance. It is hoped that this work could be a useful structural design strategy for the development of the ideal 2D carbon-based nanomechanical devices with the intrinsic negative Poisson’s ratio effect and other electronic functions.

본 연구는 차광과 온도가 분화 국화의 생육 및 개화에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여, 차광(무차광, 30% 차광, 50% 차광)과 온도(주간/야간 28/20℃, 32/23℃, 36/26℃)가 조절된 인공기상챔버에서 자연단일상태로 재배된 ‘오렌지에그’의 생육 및 개화특성을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 30% 차광 조건에서 분화 국화 ‘오렌지에그’의 초장은 36/26℃에서 24.6cm로 가장 길었으며, 32/23℃에서는 23.0cm, 28/20℃에서는 19.6cm로 생육온도가 증가할수록 초장 신장이 촉진되었으나, 차광정도에 대해서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 분화 국화 ‘오렌지에그’의 개화반응 역시 주간/야간 온도 28/20℃에서는 단일 처리 23.4일 후에 발뢰하여 49.1일만에 100% 개화되었으나, 32/23℃와 36/26℃로 생육온도가 증가할수록 28/20℃에 비해 발뢰가 각각 4.1일과 11.4일, 개화는 각각 8.2일과 16.1일 지연되었으나, 차광정도에 대해서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이와 같이 분화 국화 ‘오렌지에그’의 생육 및 개화반응에 미치는 영향은 차광에 비해 고온으로 인한 피해가 심각하게 나타날 수 있는 만큼 고품질의 분화 국화를 생산하기 위해서는 생산 시기별 온도 관리가 매우 중요하며, 특히 하계 고온기에는 적극적으로 차광하여 재배온실의 온도를 적정 생육온도에 가깝게 유지하는 것이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 LED 광원의 파장이 분화 국화의 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 22℃ 항온조건에서 주간 11시간, 야 간 13시간의 광주기로 조절된 폐쇄형 식물생장상에서 7주간 단일상태로 재배된 ‘오렌지에그’ 품종의 생육 및 개화 특성을 비교하였다. LED 인공광원은 청색광(444nm), 적색광(652nm), 그리고 청색광과 적색광, 백색광이 각각 2:5:1로 조합된 혼합 광을 사용하였다. 그 결과, 분화 국화 ‘오렌지에그’ 품종의 초 장은 적색광에서의 평균 9.43cm로 가장 길었으며, 청색광이 혼합광에 비해 짧았으나 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 초폭과 엽폭은 초장에 대한 생육반응과 유사하게 적색광에서 가장 크게 신장하였고, 청색광과 혼합광에서는 유의적인 차이 를 보이지 않았다. 엽수와 엽장은 혼합광보다 청색광과 적색 광 등 단색광에서 더 많고 길었다. 분화 국화 ‘오렌지에그’ 품 종의 개화특성의 경우에는 청색광과 적색광, 혼합광 모두 단 일처리 16~17일 이후에 화아분화가 완료되어 발뢰가 시작되 었으나, 적색광과 청색광 하에서 생육한 국화는 화아발달이 정상적으로 이루어지지 않아 최종 개화까지 이루어지지 않았 고, 혼합광 하에서 생육한 국화만 단일처리 5주 후에 정상적 으로 개화되었다. 따라서 식물공장에서 분화 국화를 생산하기 위한 인공광원으로는 청색광과 적색광, 백색광으로 구성된 혼 합광을 사용하는 것이 가장 유용하리라고 판단된다.

농촌진흥청 원예특작과학원에서는 2003년에 황색 폼 폰 화형인 ‘Restone’에 자주색 폼폰 화형인 ‘Lollipop’을 교배하여 획득한 실생 집단으로부터 황색 적심 폼폰 화형의 겹꽃 ‘03B1-82’ 계통을 선발하였다. ‘03B1-82’ 계통은 2005년 겨울부터 2007년 3년에 걸쳐 1, 2차 특성검정을 통해 안정성, 균일성 및 흰녹병저항성 검정 및 절화수명에 대해 조사되었고, 2008년에는 우수선발 계통으로 ‘원교B1-142호’ 계통번호를 부여받아 3차 특 성검정을 실시하여 안정성, 균일성에 대한 연차별 재현 성 그리고 주년생산성(촉성, 억제재배), 생산자 및 소 비자 기호성을 평가 받았다. ‘원교B1-142호’는 2008년 에 직무육성품종심의회를 거쳐 ‘옐로우캔디’로 명명되 어졌다. 국화 ‘옐로우캔디’는 10월 하순에서 11월 상 순에 자연 개화하는 절화용 스프레이 추국이다. 황색의 적색화심을 지닌 폼폰화형의 겹꽃으로 초세 및 줄기가 강건하다. 특히 여름철 고온기에도 통상화가 많이 발생 하지 않으며, 촉성 및 억제재배 등 주년생산이 가능하 다. 꽃의 직경이 4.3 cm 내외, 꽃잎수는 소화당 180매 이상, 착화수는 본당 8화 내외의 중형화로 절화수명은 18일 정도이다. 재배상 유의점으로는 둥근모양의 폼폰 형이기 때문에 수확시 꽃이 서로 엉키면 꽃이 떨어지는 경우가 있으며, 여름 장마철 또는 겨울철 환기 부족시 흰녹병 발생을 주의하고 주기적인 방제가 필요하다.

A new spray chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Snow Bowl’ was released by National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science(NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), in 2008. The cross was made in 2005 between ‘03B1-230’, breeding lines of NIHHS and ‘Sei-Alps’. Trials were conducted from 2006 to 2008 for the evaluation and selection of this cultivar, including shading cultures in summer and retarding cultures in spring. The natural flowering time of ‘Snow Bowl’ is late October, but year-round flowering is possible by photo-periodic control. It has single type flowers with white petals. The growth of plant is very vigorous and it is resistant to white rust. The diameter of flower is 6.3cm. Number of flowers per stem and petals per flower are 12 and 31, respectively. Days to flowering under the short day treatment is about 59 and its vase life is 24.1 days in autumn season. ‘Snow Bowl’ was applied as No. 2009-179 on February 18, 2009 for variety protection and the plant variety protection rights have been registered as No. 3239 on August 3, 2010 at the Korea Seed and Variety Service

본 시험은 국화에서의 기형화 발생과 DNA 메틸레 이션에 관여하는 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) 유전자 발현과의 관련성을 검토하기 위해 수행 하였다. 스프레이 국화 ‘Lerbin’은 단일후 14일에서 27일 사이에 고온과 장일 조건에서 기형화가 발생되어, 35/20oC 의 고온과 14시간의 장일 처리 할 경우 25/20oC(12 h/ 12 h)에 비해 설상화가 2배 이상 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 스프레이 국화 ‘Lerbin’에서 분리한 전장 cDNA (DgSAHH) 는 크기가 1455 bp로 다른 작물과 90%이상의 높은 상동 성을 나타내었다. 국화의 DgSAHH 유전자 발현은 기형화 발생을 유도하는 고온과 장일 조건에서 크게 감소하였다. 이러한 결과를 통해 국화의 화아 발달에 있어서 DgSAHH 유전자 발현은 온도와 일장의 영향을 받으며, 억제된 이 유전자의 발현이 기형화 발생에 관여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Seoul is one of the most dynamic capital cities in the world of which population is about 10.49 million. The air quality of Seoul subway is a great concern to users and the public authorities, especially the pollution of particulate matters. The metallic particulate matters are generated from the friction of wheels and subway rails, which causes dispersion into the platform and even to the trains. This study attempted to characterize the current filters in subway MVAC system and a newly developed filter which was a type of thin electret fiber bundle. Collection efficiency of the filtration system varies from 20% to 90% depending on filter life and dust particle size. The removal of fine dust with diameter smaller than 1㎛, which could not be well achieved by current filtration system, is very important in the subway air cleaning system. The new electret filter was found to have a high potential for the use in subway MVAC with high collection efficiency, especially for fine mode dust.

In the genus Chrysanthemum, repetitive DNA sequences, the dominant part of a genome, are still to be elucidated. To explore the matter, the present study applied fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to the mitotic metaphase chromosome of Chrysanthemum boreale with C0t DNA as probes. Based on DNA re-assotiation kinetics, three kinds of C0t DNA exhibiting different degrees of repetitive nature were fractionated and used as FISH probes to map the repetitive sequences. Signals from all C0t DNAs were successfully observed but their coverage on the chromosomes was different among C0t-1, C0t-10, and C0t-100. C0t-1 FISH signals resulted to have its intensity on the telomeric region and were also dispersed on both chromosome arms except for some distal regions. In C0t-10, signals were observed in all parts of the chromosome with greater intensity around pericentromeric regions. FISH with C0t-100 DNA was observed in bright signals all over the chromosome. Signals of C0t FISH found in this study covered the regions where ribosomal DNAs and telomeric repeats of C. boreale have been distributed (previous report), thus signifying their repetitive attributes. The present results could enhance the efficiency of studying genomes, chromosomes and repetitive sequences of C. boreale and subsequently hasten the realization of the genetic scheme of Chrysanthemum.

Chrysanthemums (Asteraceae) are important ornamental crops in worldwide that are well known as commercial valuable cultivars for cut flowers, potted plants, and garden flowering plants. Genus chrysanthemum consisted of 41 species that are mostly distributed in East Asia. Chrysanthemum has diverse ploidy levels with the basic chromosome number of x=9 from 2n=2x=18 (diploid) to 2n=10x=90 (decaploid). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a useful tool for studying the distribution of ribosomal DNAs. In this study, we have confirmed ploidy level by chromosome counting method. The somatic metaphase chromosome numbers were observed 2n=2x=18 in Chrysanthemum boreale, and 2n=6x=54 in C. indicum and C. zawadskii. More detailed Karyotype was constructed based on FISH method using 5S and 45S rDNA probes. Two (2) loci of 5S rDNA signals were detected in interstitial region of long arm chromosome in C. boreale and six (6) loci were in C. indicum and C. zawadskii. All of 45S rDNAs were located in terminal region of short arm chromosome which were visualize in six (6) loci in C. boreale and C. indicum and twelve(12) loci in C. zawadskii. In this study, it was the main topic to perform physical mapping of the location of 5S and 45S rDNA. Three of wild chrysanthemum showed variations in number of ribosomal DNAs. In the present investigation will help to further study of genome sequencing project in chrysanthemum.

Most of cultivated chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) have been found to be polyaneuploid with hexaploid, 2n=6x=54, predominant. Cytological studies has shown that bivalent were normally formed and multivalent were rare during meiosis. These meiotic behavior reflected that the chromosome of chrysanthemum paired with its homologue preferentially and diploid-like inheritance was occurring. However, several genetic researches was in contrast to this hypothesis, based on the results of genetic analysis. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the mode of inheritance in chrysanthemum is disomic (selective pairing) or hexasomic (random pairing). ‘Dancer’ and ‘Puma White’, and their 94 crossing progenies were genotyped using 84 SSR primers. Alleles of each SSR locus were determined by length of PCR product with fluorescently labeled primers using ABI 3730 DNA Analyzer and GeneMapper 3.0 software (Applied Biosystems). A total of 210 types of alleles were detected in 49 SSR loci (4.29 allele types/locus). The observed segregation ratio of these alleles for 94 crossing progenies showed better fits to hexasomic than disomic. Moreover, based on the genotyping results, the genotypes of ‘Dancer’ and ‘Puma White’ were analyzed as BCDEFF and AACEEE in ChSSR-61 locus, respectively. And the genotypes of PD-33 and PD-51 were analyzed as ABDEEF and ABDEEF, respectively. It means that BDF alleles of PD-33 and BEE alleles of PD-51 were given from ‘Dancer’. If the chromosome is paired preferentially, the B allele would pair with C allele, D with E, and F with E at this locus of ‘Dancer’. But it was found PD-75 as AADEEF without B and C alleles. This is a clear evidence that the mode of inheritance in chrysanthemum is not disomic but hexasomic.

A new spray chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Prima Donna’ was released by National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), in 2008. The cross was made between ‘Plano’ and ‘Yeonja’ in 2005. Trials were conducted from 2006 to 2008 for the evaluation and selection of this cultivar, including shading cultures in summer and retarding cultures in spring. The natural flowering time of ‘Prima Donna’ is late October, but year-round flowering is possible by photo-periodic control. The cultivar has single type flowers with pink petals, green center and good inflorescence. The growth of plant is very vigorous. The diameter of flower is 7.0cm. The number of flowers per stem and petals per flower are 13 and 42, respectively. Days to flowering under the short day treatment is about 59 and its vase life is 26.1 days in autumn season.

A new gerbera variety "Pink Swan" was released by the National Horticultural Research Institute (NHRI) in 2007. A cross was made between "Royal" with orange and single and 'Himalaya' with white and semi-double in 2004. After investigation of the characteristics for 4 years (from 2004 to 2007), it was selected specially for the use of cut-flower. "Pink Swan" is a vigorous medium-sized cultivar with pink (RHS R48D), yellow green center and semi-double. The average flower diameter is 10.6 cm. And inner ray floret and disc diameter is 5.99cm and 1.83cm, respectively. It produces a large yield with continuous supply of flowers and has adequate peduncle height. We believe that "Pink Swan" has a great potential for expanding cultivated area of domestic gerbera cultivar and increasing farmers-income.

A new spray chrysanthemum cultivar 'Pure Angel' was released by National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Korea in 2007. The cross was made in 2004 between 'Innocence', a breeding cultivar of NIHHS, and 'Baeksokuk', a spray cultivar with white petals. Trials were conducted from 2005 to 2007 for the evaluation and selection of this cultivar, including shade cultures in summer and retarding cultures in autumn. The natural flowering time of 'Pure Angel' is late October, but year-round flowering is possible by photo-periodic control. The cultivar has single type flowers with pure white petals and a green flower center. It shows long vase life and resistance to white rust. The diameter of flower is 52.5 mm. The numbers of flowers per stem and petals per flower are 12 and 22.5, respectively. Days to flowering under the short day treatment is about 52 days in spring seasons.

A new spray chrysanthemum 'Pink Berry' was released by National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Korea in 2007. A cross was made in 2004 between 'Lineker Salmon', a spray cultivar with salmon petals, and 'Baeksokuk', a spray cultivar with white petals. Trials were conducted from 2005 to 2007 for evaluation and selection of this cultivar, including shade cultivation in summer and retarding cultivation in autumn. The natural flowering time of 'Pink Berry' is late October, but year-round flowering is possible by photo-periodic control. The cultivar has single type flowers with pink petals and a green flower center. It shows long vase life of 22 days and resistance to white rust. The diameter of flower is 52.0 mm. The numbers of flowers per stem and petals per flower are 15.5 and 29.5, respectively. Days to flowering under the short day treatment is about 56 in autumn seasons.