본 연구에서는 게임 동영상의 고화질 변환이 가능한 초해상화 알고리즘을 제시한다. 본 알고리즘은 오픈 소 스 형태의 GPU에서 제공하는 MMU에서 구현될 수 있도록 희소 행렬 연산을 이용해서 설게된다. 이를 위해 서 일반적인 영상 해상도 향상 방법인 이중 일차 및 이중 삼차 보간 법과 심층 학습에 기반한 초해상화 모 델에서 사용하는 컨볼루션 연산을 희소 행렬 연산으로 변환하는 방법을 제시한다. 이는 각 픽셀에 적용되는 필터를 행렬 곱 형태로 표현하고, 이 행렬을 희소 행렬로 표현함으로써 수행되는데, 이러한 과정을 통해서 연산의 효율성을 추구함으로써 안정적인 초해상화 알고리즘을 제공한다. 이러한 희소행렬 연산 형태로 표현 되는 초해상화 알고리즘은 기존의 라이브러리를 이용해서 구현된 초해상화 알고리즘과 유사한 PSNR과 FPS 를 보인다.

2D 퍼즐은 인기있는 보드게임이다. 2D 퍼즐을 완성하는 기술은 많이 연구되었다. 하지만 2D만으로는 대상 을 효과적으로 표현하기 어렵다는 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 영상으로부터 높이를 가진 2D+ 레고 퍼즐을 생성하는 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해서 본 연구에서는 영상의 높이 맵과 분할 맵의 정보를 활용한다. 우리 는 2D+ 퍼즐에 적용하기위해 다양한 대상의 높이 및 영역 정보를 적절하게 처리해야한다. 이러한 이유로, 우리는 깊이 맵과 분할영역 맵을 추출하기 위해 모델에 심층 학습 모델을 적용한다. 높이 맵을 추출하기 위 해 우리는 CelebAMask-HQ dataset으로 학습한 BiseNet을 채택했다. 그리고 분할 맵을 얻기 위해 NYU Depth V2 dataset으로 학습한 DenseDepth를 사용했다. 입력 영상에 대해서 저해상도 영상 및 높이 맵과 분할 맵을 추출하고, 저해상도 영상을 레고 브릭의 색 팔레트를 적용한 영상에 대해서 높이 맵과 분할 맵 정보를 적용해서 높이를 가진 2D+ 픽셀 아트 영상을 생성한다. 그리고, 이 픽셀 아트 영상에 대해서 같은 높이와 같은 색을 가진 픽셀들에 대해서 최대한 큰 브릭을 적용하는 그리디 알고리즘을 적용해서 2D+ 레 고 퍼즐을 완성한다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 초상화를 대상으로 2D+ 레고 퍼즐을 완성하는 예를 제시하였으 며, 그 중 하나를 직접 제작하여 그 결과를 제시한다.

본 연구에서는 게임 영상과 같은 생성된 영상으로부터 물체를 인식하는 심층 학습 기반 모델의 성능을 향상 시키는 방법을 제시한다. 특히, 실제 영상으로 훈련된 물체 인식 모델에 대해서 게임 영상으로 추가 훈련을 수행함으로써 물체 인식 성능이 향상됨을 검증한다. 본 연구에서는 심층 학습 기반의 물체 인식 모델들 중에서 가장 널리 사용되는 YoloV2 모델을 이용한다. 이 모델에 대해서 8 종류의 다양한 게임에서 샘플링한 160장의 게임 영상을 적용해서 물체 인식 모델을 다시 훈련하고, IoU와 정확도를 측정해서 본 연구에서 주장하는 게임 영상을 이용한 훈련이 효과적임을 입증한다.

Bamboo forests are fast-growing, renewable resources, and their carbon sequestration potential has attracted increasing attention. Although bamboo can be used for many purposes, bamboo forests in Korea represent a generally underutilized resource. The main objective here was to perform an assessment of the physical and mechanical characteristics of different species of bamboo found in Korea. The main species of domestic bamboo are Phyllostachys bambusoides, P. pubescens, and P. nigra; we measured the air-dried density for each of the species, with obtained values of 0.89 g/cm2, 0.79 g/cm2, and 0.83 g/cm2, respectively, giving the density order of P. bambusoides > P. pubescens > P. nigra, with P. bambusoides having the highest density. We then measured the compressive strength of each species, which were 802.84 kgf/cm2, 624.69 kgf/cm2, and 743.77 kgf/cm2, respectively, in the order of P. bambusoides > P. pubescens > P. nigra, with P. bambusoides having the highest compressive strength. Volume and maximum load decreased with increasing node height in the three bamboo species, whereas air-dried density and compressive strength increased. Our results thus add to the pool of essential knowledge about Korean bamboo species, and consequently to the development of a potentially valuable domestic resource in Korea.

There exists very little information on the ultrastructure of substance P immunopositive (+) fibers in the human dental pulp, which may help in understanding the mechanism for substance P associated pulpal inflammatory pain. To address this issue, we investigated the presence of substance P+ fibers in the human dental pulp by light- and electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry. Light microscopy revealed that substance P+ fibers ran within neurovascular bundles in the radicular pulp and in the core of coronal pulp. They were also frequently present in the peripheral pulp. Substance P+ fibers showed beads like swellings interconnected by thin axonal strand, in a manner similar to bouton en passants and interconnecting axonal strand in the spinal cord. Electron microscopy revealed that almost all the substance P+ axons were unmyelinated. The axonal swellings of the substance P+ contained numerous clear round vesicles (40-50 nm in diameter) and many large dense-cored vesicles (80-110 nm in diameter) as well as many mitochondria. The vesicles and mitochondria were rarely observed in the thin axonal strand interconnecting the swellings. Intimate interrelationship or synaptic structure between the swellings of substance P+ axon and nearby pulpal cells or axons was not found. These findings suggest co-release of substance P and glutamate from the substance P+ pulpal axons and its action on nearby structures in a paracrine manner.

Ficus carica L. (common fig), one of the first plants cultivated by humans, originated in the Mediterranean basin and currently grows worldwide, including southwest Asia and South Korea. It has been used as a traditional medicine for treatment of metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases as well as hemorrhoids and skin infections. Its pharmacological properties have recently been studied in detail, but research on the anti-cancer effect of its latex has been only been studied on a limited basis on several cell lines, such prostate cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity of the latex of Ficus carica L.and its underlying mechanism in FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells. (See Ed. note above) We confirmed through SDS-PAGE analysis and gelatinolytic activity analysis that the latex of Ficus carica contains cysteine protease ficin. Our data showed that the latex inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the latex treatment markedly induced apoptosis in FaDu cells as determined by FACS analysis, elevated expression level of cleaved caspase-9, -3 and PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase), and. increased the expression of Bax (pro-apoptotic factor) while decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic factor). Taken together, these results suggested that latex containing the ficin inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis by caspase and the Bcl-2 family signaling pathway in FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells. These findings point to the potential of latex of Ficus carica to provide a novel chemotherapeutic drug due to its growth inhibition effects and induction of apoptosis in human oral cancer cells.

Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. is a perennial herb found widely distributed in various regions of Korea, Europe, and New Zealand. The root of A. sylvestris have been extensively used in the treatment for antitussive, antipyretic, cough remedy in Oriental medicine, but the physiologically active function of the leaf of A. sylvestris is as yet unknown. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer activity and the mechanism of cell death of water extracts of leaf of Anthriscus sylvestris (WELAS), on human FaDu hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Our data showed that WELAS treatment inhibited cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the treatment of WELAS markedly induced apoptosis in FaDu cells, as determined by the viability assay, DAPI stain and FACS analysis. WELAS also increased the proteolytic cleavage of procaspase-3, -9 and PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase). In addition, exposure to WELAS decreased the expression of Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic factor), but increased the expression of Bax (a pro-apoptotic factor), suggesting that mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathways are mediated in WELAS-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that water extracts of leaf of A. sylvestris inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway in FaDu human hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Therefore, we propose that the water extracts of leaf of A. sylvestris is a novel chemotherapeutic drug, having growth inhibitory properties and induction of apoptosis in human oral cancer cells.

For successful embryo implantation, the stromal cells of the endometrium are morphologically and functionally differentiated into decidual cells. In the endometrium, estrogen induces proliferation of epithelial cells, but progesterone regulates the differentiation of epithelial cells, leading to decidualization of stromal cells. Kruppel like factor (KLF) is a zinc finger DNA binding protein that regulates transcription and has a wide range of functions in the cell cycle, cell apoptosis and differentiation control. In the uterus, KLF9, 13 plays an important role in implantation and decidual cell differentiation. KLF4 and KLF15 regulate the proliferation and differentiation of endometrial epithelial cells, but their role in stromal cells is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of KLF4 and KLF15 in endometrial stromal cells. In mouse uterus, KLF4 was expressed in proliferative phase of glandular and luminal epithelial cells. However in endometrial stromal cells, KLF4 was highly expressed in secretory phase and secondary decidual zone after implantation. The expression of KLF15 was little in cytoplasm of luminal and glandular epithelial cells and proliferated in nucleus of secretory phase stromal cell.herefore, KLF4 and 15 are thought to be important for decidualization. To investigate the effect of estrogen and progesterone on the expression of KLF4 and KLF15, uterus of ovariectomy (OVX) mice which were injcected 17β- estradiol (E2, 0.3 mg) and progesterone (P4, 1 mg) and both ERα-knock out and wild type (diestrus, estrus) mice were used. KLF4 in OVX+E2 group was significantly higher than OVX+E2 / P4 group was lower than OVX+E2 group. There was no significant difference between ERαKO and WT diestrus group and significantly lower than WT estrus group. Expression of KLF15 was higher in the OVX+ P4 group than in the OVX group and lower in the OVX+E2 group. The OVX+E2 / P4 group was higher than the OVX+E2 group. There was no difference between ERαKO and WT diestrus. The differences in expression of KLF4 and KLF15 by P4 in OVX mouse uterine tissues may be due to the tissue specific expression pattern of epithelial (KLF4) and stromal cells (KLF15). The expression of KLF4 and KLF15 was increased by treatment of cyclic adenosine monophostphate (cAMP, 0.5 mM) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, 1μM) in human endometrial stromal cells. KLF15 siRNA increased the expression of decidualization markers (BMP2, IGFBP-1 and prolactin) with increasing progesterone receptor A/B (PR A/B), while KLF4 siRNA treatment decreased expression of decidualization markers. There was no significant difference in cell proliferation and apoptosis markers in KLF4 / 15 siRNA treatment. Therefore, progesterone induces KLF4 to promote decidualization, while normally induced KLF15 inhibits progesterone receptor expression. Expression of KLF4 in endometrial epithelium is induced by estrogen but induced by progesterone to promote decidualization, and KLF15 is mainly induced by progesterone in stromal cells and inhibit excessive PR A / B activity.

Background : Undulatum Rhubarb, commonly produced in domestic, is rhizome of Rheum undulatum L. that belongs to the family Polygonaceae. It also can be used as a substitute of R. palmatum L., R. tanguticum Maximowicz ex Balf., and R. officinale Baillon which completely depend on import system. However, there should be clear clarification among Undulatum Rhubarb and Rhubarb, because Undulatum Rhubarb contains rhaponticin as marker compound that is not indicated at Rhubarb. Some of the recently imported Undulatum Rhubarbs have been found to be Rhubarb. Also, it is known that only Undulatum Rhubarb is cultivated at domestic environment. But some plant origins of Rhubarb are grown in Korea, too. Further study are needed to clarify clear origin between Undulatum Rhubarb and Rhubarb. Thus, we collected some domestically cultivated samples and identified them. Methods and Reseults : Rheum undulatum L., Rhubarb, Rheum tanguticum Maximowicz ex Balf. which were cultivated in Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services in Cheorwon were collected and anayzed the DNA sequences. We also compared DNA sequences in Rhubarb collected from England and R. rhabarbarum L., R. undulatum L., and R. franzenbachii on NCBI. As a result, two kinds of rhubarb cultivated in the test plantation were identified as R. rhabarbarum and R. officinale. In addition, R. undulatum (plant origin of Undulatum Rhubarb) was identified as Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) in England with 99 - 100% identical in nuclear ITS gene region. Conclusion : R. undulatum, plant origin of Undulatum Rhubarb, is reported as synonym of R. rhabarbarum, R. franzenbachii. Rheum speices which are cultivated as tester in Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services in Cheorwon are estimated as R. undulatum and R. officinale. Therefore, not only Undulatum Rhubarb but Rhubarb could be grown in Korea.