Highly safe lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are required for large-scale applications such as electrical vehicles and energy storage systems. A highly stable cathode is essential for the development of safe LIBs. LiFePO4 is one of the most stable cathodes because of its stable structure and strong bonding between P and O. However, it has a lower energy density than lithium transition metal oxides. To investigate the high energy density of phosphate materials, vanadium phosphates were investigated. Vanadium enables multiple redox reactions as well as high redox potentials. LiVPO4O has two redox reactions (V5+/V4+/V3+) but low electrochemical activity. In this study, LiVPO4O is doped with fluorine to improve its electrochemical activity and increase its operational redox potential. With increasing fluorine content in LiVPO4O1-xFx, the local vanadium structure changed as the vanadium oxidation state changed. In addition, the operating potential increased with increasing fluorine content. Thus, it was confirmed that fluorine doping leads to a strong inductive effect and high operating voltage, which helps improve the energy density of the cathode materials.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of drip irrigation volume on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown in a greenhouse using perlite medium. Plants were treated by three different irrigation treatment I0, I25, and I50 (where irrigation volume of I25 and I50 was 25% and 50% higher than I0, having limited or no leaching). Growth characteristics of plants, yield and water use efficiency were measured. The result showed that plant height, leaf length and leaf width were lowest in the I0 treated plants. However, these parameters were not statistically significant differences between the plants that were grown in the I25 and I50 treatment. Soluble solids content, acidity and dry matter of 111th, 132nd, and 143rd days harvested tomato were higher in the plants irrigated with lowest volume (I0) than the higher volume (I25 or I50). In addition, water content was lower in the 111th and 132nd days of harvested tomatoes from the I0 treatment. The number of big-size tomatoes (>180 g) was significantly higher in the I25 irrigated plants. There was no significant difference in the total number of harvested fruits among the treatments. The average fruit weight and total yield of harvested tomatoes were lowest in the I0 treated plants. The water consumption of tomato was not significantly different amongst the treatments but water use efficiency was lowest in the I0 treatment. Principal component analysis revealed that total soluble solid and acidity of tomato showed a positive correlation between each other. These results suggest that I25 was the optimum irrigation treatment for tomato based on its measured growth characteristics, yield and water use efficiency.

The IAEA recommended considerations for exemption regulations of consumer products containing greater amounts of radioactive isotopes than the amounts specified for generic exemption. One of the major considerations is the expected exposure dose should be less than 10 μSv/y and 1 mSv/y for general cases and low probability cases, respectively, in all predictable scenarios. Under this recommendation, many countries evaluated the radiation dose for exposure scenarios of various products in consideration of the national circumstances and, then, established their own specific exemption regulation. In Republic of Korea, the “Regulation on substances excluded from radioactive isotopes” was legislated to specify consumer products excluded from regulation. However, as the usage status and product specifications has changed over time, it is necessary to periodically verify the validity of the regulation criteria in the view of exemption justification. In this study, we developed the use and disposal scenarios in consideration of the domestic use of thorium-containing gas mantle and evaluated radiation dose of each scenario accordingly. The gas mantles are used as a wick for gas lanterns and the maximum activity of natural thorium contained among the currently available gas mantles is 12.5 kBq. Radioactive isotopes in the decay chain of natural thorium can be divided into three groups according to their physical characteristics, and exposure routes suitable for each group were considered in dose calculation. Currently, most gas mantles are installed in camping lanterns. Therefore, we developed use scenarios related to camping. The average number of camping trips and time spent at the campground were set by the data from Korea Tourism Organization. Tent sizes and vehicle specifications were determined by referring to surveys and products in Korea. The used gas mantle is disposed of in a garbage bag for general waste and transported to landfill or incinerator. We determined the amount of gas mantle discarded in landfill and incinerator by the data from Korea Environment Corporation. The exposure time and amount handled by an individual were determined by considering the number of waste collection vehicles, landfills, and incinerators. Although we assumed the maximum activity of the gas mantle for conservative evaluation, the calculated radiation doses for the use and disposal scenarios were below the general requirement (i.e., 10 μSv/y) in all scenarios.

Non-face-to-face lectures have become a necessity rather than an option since COVID-19, and in order to improve the quality of university education, it is necessary to explore the properties of non-face-to-face lectures and make active efforts to improve them. This study, focusing on this, aims to provide basic data necessary for decision-making for non-face-to-face lecture design by analyzing the relative importance and execution satisfaction of non-face-to-face lecture attributes for professors and students. Based on previous research, a questionnaire was constructed by deriving 4 factors from 1st layer and 17 from 2nd layer attributes of non-face-to-face lectures. A total of 180 valid samples were used for analysis, including 60 professors and 120 students. The importance of the non-face-to-face lecture properties was calculated by obtaining the weights for each stratified element through AHP(Analytic Hierachy Process) analysis, and performance satisfaction was calculated through statistical analysis based on the Likert 5-point scale. As a result of the AHP analysis, both the professor group and the student group had the same priority for the first tier factors, but there was a difference in the priorities between the second tier factors, so it seems necessary to discuss this. As a result of the IPA(Importance Performance Analysis) analysis, the professor group selected the level of interaction as an area to focus on, and it was confirmed that research and investment in teaching methods for smooth interaction are necessary. The student group was able to confirm that it is urgent to improve and invest in the current situation so that the system can be operated stably by selecting the system stability. This study uses AHP analysis for professors and students groups to derive relative importance and priority, and calculates the IPA matrix using IPA analysis to establish the basis for decision-making on future face-to-face and non-face-to-face lecture design and revision. It is meaningful that it was presented.

A female English bulldog was gave birth two neonates by cesarean section on the sixty one days after mating, but both neonates were died soon after birth. The bodies of neonates were diagnosed using radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography and necropsy immediately after death. Both neonates had caudal regression syndrome, butterfly vertebra, hydrocephalus, umbilical hernia, cleft palate and bow-legged hind-limb. At necropsy, neonates had mild fetal anasarca, cleft lip and the skull was remained non-union. At thoracic cavity, only three ribs and thoracic spines were existed and patent ductus arteriosus was found. At abnormal cavity, the renal ectopia was found with abnormal morphology. In the present case, those English bulldog neonates with multiple congenital malformation syndromes seriously suffered vertebral column anomalies and that may induced by neural tube defects in during embryonic period. To prevent congenital malformation occurring in English bulldog, further in depth studies are needed for the breed specific genetic diversity and for the reason of behind genetic abnormality in these breed.

A saccular aneurysm is a localized, pouch arterial abnormality, Varous kinds of experimental saccular aneurysm models have been developed to treat aneurysms, and more effective ways to create aneurysm model is also needed. This study aims to compare aneurysm models induced by either porcine pancreatic elastase or papain from papaya latex. Eleven New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three treatment groups: normal saline (n=3), papain (n=4), and elastase (n=4). The right common carotid artery was selected as the aneurysmal site, and the respective substance was incubated for 20 minutes. No neurological signs occurred after operation. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and modified elastic trichrome stain were performed 2 weeks after the procedure for pathological analysis. Histological findings for the control group showed normal vascular wall structure, normal elastic fiber, and no signs of inflammation. In samples of the papain group, the vascular walls were damaged and the endothelium was detached. Most of the elastic fibers were destructed. All samples of the papain group showed elastic fragmentation. In the elastase group, all samples showed severe inflammation and destruction of the vascular structure. There was also an elastase-induced sterile abscess. These findings indicate that elastase does not induce stable aneurysms at a dose of 1 mg because of excessive inflammation and destruction of the vascular structure. Elastase induces inflammation and apoptosis which results in the vascular wall to weaken before an aneurysm is formed. Papain at the dose of 1 mg, in contrast, seems to be a suitable candidate for enzymatic aneurysm models in the rabbit.

The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions of good English teachers’ characteristics and to suggest guidelines for how to be a good English teacher by conducting a survey questionnaire to middle and high school students and their English teachers in Korea. The survey was composed of 48 items regarding teaching skills, personality and creativity, and assessing skills. The results showed there are different perceptions about the characteristics of good English teachers between teachers and students. Teachers perceived checking students’ understanding during the class as the most important characteristic followed by giving appropriate feedback to students, while students perceived treating them respectfully as the most important one. According to the research findings, this study suggests that English teachers should carefully consider developing students’ affective and creative aspects as well as linguistic skills that were shown to be important in both teacher and student perceptions. It also suggests the curriculum developers and teacher trainers for English teachers should continuously monitor the teacher evaluation process and apply the findings as helpful guidelines for future research and practice.

The issue of text appropriation is rarely explored in EFL classrooms where the teachers are native speakers of English. In this study we highlight how the ideology of NESTs influences students’ feedback practices. Two Korean EFL students seemingly welcomed teacher comments into their texts to make their revision process more manageable. By relinquishing their control, they welcome the appropriative behavior the teacher brings as the native English speaker. They believe that appropriating the behavior of the native English-speaking teacher is not only beneficial, but necessary in shaping their English discourse. Nonetheless, the students struggled in the feedback and revision cycles to negotiate between their hegemonic beliefs and the expectations of their native English-speaking teacher. In this sense, EFL students’ writing is always in foreclosure from the native English-speaking teachers, as EFL students are overshadowed by the ideology of NESTs.

This study investigates the relationship between a native English-speaking teacher and EFL students in the response-and-revision process. The data consisted of drafts and revisions produced by three students in response to teacher comments and interviews with students. In order to examine how EFL students react to the feedback, teachers’ written feedback on the papers was evaluated by calculating frequency counts on the same types of feedback. We then examined the extent to which students made use of teacher feedback in their revisions. In addition, we supplemented our interpretations by extracting aspects of the students’ views through analysis of the interview data. All three students believe that only native speakers can correct language errors in their writing. Furthermore, the students prefer or indeed demand native English-speaking teachers as writing teachers. In fact, dissimilar student reactions to native English-speaking teacher feedback probably arise from whether and how they positioned themselves as a writer in the EFL writing classroom.

최종당화산물은 환원당과 단백질, 지질 또는 핵산 사이의 당화반응에 의해서 생성되는 물질로 이 물질은 피부 노화 과정에 밀접하게 연관되어 있다고 보고되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 항산화 활성, 최종당화산물 생성 저해, 콜라겐과 최종당화산물의 교차결합 저해 및 억제, 엘라스타제 활성 저해 효능 시험을 통해서 비자나무 유박 추출물의 항노화 효과를 평가하였다. 시험 결과, 비자나무 유박 추출물은 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드를 함유하고 있으며, DPPH와 ABTS 자유라디칼을 50% 소거할 수 있는 농도는 각각 16.4 μg (Dried materials, DM)/mL과 16.7 μg DM/mL 로 관찰되었다. 또한, 비자나무 유박 추출물은 농도 의존적으로 최종당화산물 생성과 엘라스타제 활성을 저해하였고, 콜라겐과 최종당화산물의 교차결합을 저해 및 억제하 였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 비자나무 유박 추출물은 항노화 효능이 있는 화장품 소재로서 활용 가치가 있음을 확인하였다.

In this paper, we describe a case of using robot technology in child studies to examine children’s judgement and reasoning of the life phenomenon on boundary objects. In order to control the effects of the appearance of the robot, which children observe or interact directly with, on the children's judgement and reasoning of the life phenomenon, we developed a robot similar to human. Unit experimental scenarios representing biological and psychological properties were implemented based on control of robot's motion, speech, and facial expressions. Experimenters could combine these multiple unit scenarios in a cascade to implement various scenarios of the human-robot interaction. Considering that the experimenters are researchers of child studies, there was a need to develop a remote operation console that can be easily used by non-experts in the robot field. Using the developed robot platform, researchers of child studies could implement various scenarios by manipulating the biological and psychological properties of the robot based on their research hypothesis. As a result, we could clearly see the effects of robot's properties on children’s understanding about boundary object like robots.

Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an economically important vegetable and has a narrow genetic base due to intensive human selection through domestication and breeding. The low level of genetic variation between cultivated tomatoes has made it difficult to develop molecular markers for elite breeding lines. Recently, genome-wide 145,695 InDels were identified from in silico analysis of two tomato genome sequences, Heinz 1706 (S. lycoperiscum) and LA1589 (S. pimpnellifolium). Of these, 2,272 InDels were validated and 717 InDels showed polymorphism in cultivated tomatoes. In the present study, we selected 48 out of 717 InDels based on PIC value (> 0.3) and size (> 10 bp) to develop a DNA database for commercial tomato cultivars. We also used an additional set of 28 InDels that have been previously reported. These markers were distributed across 11 chromosomes with an average of 6.6 markers. A total of 48 F1 hybrid cultivars were collected from 20 seed companies and a subset of eight cultivars were used to test polymorphism of the InDel markers. The 37 InDel markers were polymorphic in these cultivars and were used to genotype additional 40 cultivars. Genetic distances and relationships between cultivars were assessed using the InDel genotypes of 48 cultivars. This analysis revealed that the InDel markers detected genetic variations to identify 46 cultivars. Our results demonstrate that the InDel markers will be a useful resource to construct a DNA database for tomato cultivars and to protect tomato breeder’s rights via variety identification.