The purpose of this study is to set the method condition of the DPRA in Korea throughout reproducibility study. We conducted intra-lab (triplicate) and inter-lab (three labs of CRI, KTR and CU) validation using 20 chemicals (10 chemicals for the proficiency test listed in the OECD test guideline 442C and an additional 10 more chemicals from reference papers). The data from all three labs met the acceptance criteria. Upon intra-lab validation, two positive chemicals out of 20 total chemicals showed false negative, and one negative chemical showed false positive. In inter-lab validation of three labs, the sensitivity data were 83, 83 and 88% each, and the specificity data was 100, 100 and 88% each. So the accuracy of the three labs was equal to 90%. During these studies, we also checked and improved various limitations that arose. Taken together, the results indicated that the DPRA proposed by OECD test guideline 442C is expected to become a well-established method under Korean GLP applied system.

본 연구는 고지방 식이로 유발된 내당능 장애 모델의 학습 및 기억력 장애에 대한 스피룰리나 섭취의 개선 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 당부하 검사(IPGTT)를 통하여 고지방식이를 통한 내당능 장애가 유발되었음을 확인하였고, SP는 HFD 대비 약 20%의 당 내성 개선효과를 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. 고지방 식이로 인지 기능 손상을 유발시킨 동물모델의 Y-maze 및 Morris water maze 시험을 진행한 결과는 SP에서 CND 대비 학습 및 장·단기기억력 장애가 유의한 수준으로 개선됨을 확인하였다. 실험동물의 혈청분석 결과는 스피룰리나 섭취가 일반식이로 전환한 것과 비교하였을 때, HFD 대비 LDLC 감소 및 HTR(HDLC의 비율) 증가를 통한 혈중 콜레스테롤 개선에 효과를 나타냈다. 적출된 뇌와 간 조직을 대상으로 SOD 활성, oxidized GSH 함량 및 MDA 함량을 측정한 결과 스피룰리나 섭취가 뇌조직뿐만 아니라 간 조직에서 항산화 활성을 향상시켜 주는 것도 역시 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 고지방 식이를 통한 혈당 상승 및 이로 인한 기억능력 저하에서 스피룰리나 섭취는 CND 수준으로의 개선 효과를 유도할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 스피룰리나 섭취는 뇌 기능과 직접적으로 연관된 콜린성 시스템 손상에도 CND 대비 AChE 활성에 더 높은 저해효과를 나타냄을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 스피룰리나가 고지방 식이로 유도된 내당능 장애 모델에서 발생될 수 있는 뇌기능 저하에서 혈중 콜레스테롤 개선 효과, 항산화 효과 및 AChE 저해효과를 통하여, 비만으로 유도될 수 있는 대사성 인지 장애에 대한 개선 소재로의 잠재적인 가능성을 갖는 것으로 판단된다.

In order to establish basic data for the succession and development of use culture of Gnaphalium affine, a traditional rice cake plant resource, this study was carried out with a survey on 259 women aged 60 or over living 18 city and county in Jeonnam province. The results are summarized as follows. All respondents in the survey did not know the standard name of Gnaphalium affine. 178 repondents (68.7%) knew the plant name called in the local area. The frequency was higher in the order of Jebissuk (37.5%) > Gaessuk (21.2%) > Seorissuk (19.7%) > Gyessuk (4.3%) > Goissuk (1.9%), including duplicate responses. Of the 178 respondents who responded that they could distinguish it, 82.6% knew only one species, and 17.4% knew two in Gnaphalium affine. 62.3% of respondents said they ate dishes made from Gnaphalium affine, and 62.3% had experience cooking Gnaphalium affine. 61.8% of respondents said they ate rice cake made from Gnaphalium affine, and 40.2% had experience making rice cake with Gnaphalium affine. Edible taste of Gnaphalium affine was evaluated as ‘delicious and sticy taste (4.75)’and ‘above sticky (4.89)’according to criterion level 5.0. The final eating period was followed from 1951-1970 (33.1%) > 1971-1990 (29.4%) > 1991-2010 (17.5%) > after 2011 (13.8%) > before 1950 (10.0%), respectively. As a result, it is very necessary that the standard name of Gnaphalium affine is spread widely and the use culture is succeeded and active.

Several samplers using gravimetric methods such as high-volume air sampler, MiniVol portable sampler, personal environmental monitor(PEM) and cyclone were applied to determine the concentrations of fine particles in atmospheric condition. Comparative evaluation between high-volume air sampler and MiniVol portable sampler for PM10, and between MiniVol portable sampler and PEM was undertaken from June, 2003 to January 2004. Simultaneously, meteorological conditions such as wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity and temperature was measured to check the factors affecting the concentrations of fine particles. In addition, particle concentrations by cyclone with an aerodynamic diameter of 4 ㎛ were measured. Correlation coefficient between high- volume air sampler and portable air sampler for PM10 was 0.79 (p<0.001). However, the mean concentration for PM10 by high-volume air sampler was significantly higher than that by MiniVol portable sampler (p=0.018). Correlation coefficient between Minivol portable sampler and PEM for PM2.5 was 0.74 (p<0.001), and the measured mean concentrations for PM2.5 did not show significant difference. Difference of the measured concentrations of fine particle might be explained by wind speed and humidity among meteorological conditions. Particle concentration differences by measurement samplers were proportional to the wind speed, but inversely proportional to the relative humidity, though it was not a significant correlation.

Yong Heo. 2000. The Sound of `ㅇ` in Middle Korean Revisited. Studies in Modern Grammar 20, 1-22. In this paper I discuss the sound of `ㅇ` in Middle Korean. It has been assumed that this orthography is pronounced in two ways. One is zero when it appears in word-initial position, and the other is a consonant like [fi] when it appears in other positions such as `놀애(song)`. It has been taken for granted that/ㄹ/ in this word is realized as [l] rather than [r]. Since Korean liquid is realized as [r] between two vowels and is realized as [l] either before a consonant or at the end of a word, there is no way to interpret the sound as a consonant. In addition there is an apparent historical evidence that this was a consonant in an earlier period. However, I claim that this orthography represents an empty onset which has phonological position with no segmental content. We can see that some similar examples are found from the languages of Seri and French. We also see that the sound of `ㄹ` in the preceding syllable is realized as [l] since it is followed by a licensed empty nucleus which makes the preceding consonant unreleased.