In a previous study, it was reported that enzymatic hydrolysis under pressurization could be a new method which could produce arginine dipeptide and free amino acid in anchovy hydrolysate as salty enhancer at optimal condition. Powder is more efficient than liquid in terms of transport and storage stability. For the purpose of producing spray dried powder of various salt contents was investigated the effect of different salt concentration of anchovy hydrolysate on spray dried powder properties. The anchovy hydrolysate of various salt contents(in the range of approximately 0.7- 19.8% w/w) prepared adding the fish sauce (Dae-Young fish market) at inlet drying air temperatures of 120°C and 140°C. The process yield and physicochemical properties such as moisture content, bulk density, hygroscopicity and the morphology (EDS, XPS, XRD) of the anchovy hydrolysate powder was measured. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the powders equilibrated under various water activities were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Different drying conditions and salt concentration could generate anchovy hydrolysate powders with different process yield, bulk density and moisture content. The spray-dried anchovy hydrolysate powder was confirmed by XRD to be a mixture of an amorphous substances and crystalline salts. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the surface NaCl concentration of the powders increased with an increasing drying air temperature. Increasing moisture adsorption of the anchovy hydrolysate powders resulted in a Tg reduction. It is suggested that producing spray dried anchovy hydrolysate for the industrial use is the use of the feed salt concentration of not lower than % w/w and inlet air temperature at 120°C, 140°C

A Taguchi robust design method with an L9 orthogonal array and larger-the-better characteristics was implemented to optimize experimental conditions for the hydrolysis of raw anchovy using a pressure-assisted enzymatic reaction method. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), nitrogen recovery (NR) and yield were considered as the response parameters. Pressure, reaction temperature, reaction time, and mixed enzyme amount were chosen as control parameters. As a result of the Taguchi analysis in this study, the pressure was found to be the most influential parameter on DH and NR. The amount of mixed enzyme in the reaction also had a significant effect on DH and NR. Meanwhile, the optimum values were confirmed to be similar at 95% confidence and 5% significance level through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Furthermore, new hydrolysates at optimum conditions and control hydrolysates at atmospheric pressure were compared in terms of the DH, resulting in the improvement of DH by more than 52.6%.

Wnt genes encode a large fami ly of secreted cysteine-rich signaling mol ecules involved in cell growth‘ differentiation and tumorigenesis, Wnt5a, a non-transforming member of the Wnt fa mily behaves as a putative onco 一 gene in many cancers including melanomas, The aim of our study was to determine Wnt5a ex pression pattern in pnmalγ oral mucosal melanomas(Ol\αÆ) and correlate it with tumor thlckness Archival ti ssues from 18 OMM cases were subjected to immunohistochemical detection of Wnt5a by the streptavidin-biotin method , These were categorized into tumors of (4 mm(thin and intermediate thickness lesions) and )4 mm(t hi ck lesions) t hickness, Most OMM cases(17/18; 94, 4%) stained positive for Wnt5a, though heterogeneously, Seven t hi ck(7/11: 64%) and one in termediate thickness(1/7‘ 14%) ol\α‘ demonstrated strongly positive Wnt5a staining(P(O, 05), The only Wnt5a-neg ative case was a thi ck OMM without local recurrence after treatment Strong Wnt5a express ion at tumor adva ncing sites suggests a role in local tumor spread, Identification of pleomorphi c epitheli oid and spindle cells as mel anoma cell populations with the most pronounced Wnt5a staining suggests that Wnt5a overexpression inJ] uences cellular phenotype, These results taken together suggest that Wnt5a is up- regulated in OMM a nd may play a role in tumor progression, Wnt5a activity is most frequently detected in advanced OMM suggesting its function in tumor progression, Expression level of Wnt5a in OMM correlated with tumor grade and t hickness

본 연구는 다문화 사회를 이끌어갈 주역인 초등학생들이 다문화 인권 인식을 함양할 필 요성과 함께 어린이가 주인공으로 등장하고 다문화 인권교육 요소를 충실히 포함하고 있는 최근 개봉 영화 ‘가버나움’ 에 주목하였다. 초등학교 저학년 학생을 위한 프로그램이 매우 부족한 상황에서 또래의 상황을 통한 감정이입과 교육적 효과가 기대되는 ‘가버나움’ 영화 를 활용한 다문화 인권교육 프로그램을 개발하고 그 효과를 검증하였다. 선행연구 고찰을 통해 초등학교 저학년생에게 적합한 ‘소수자 보호’, ‘차이의 존중’, ‘행복 추구’라는 세 가지 다문화 인권요소를 선정하였다. 이를 토대로 ‘가버나움’ 영화 중 위 요소에 적합한 2~3분 정도의 5개 장면을 선정하였고, 이를 활용한 총 5개 주제의 10차시 교수학습과정 안을 개 발하였다. 위와 같이 설계된 프로그램은 경기도 소재 H 초등학교 2학년 한 학급 28명을 대 상으로 창의적 체험 활동 시간에 주 1회 2차시로 총 10차시 수업을 시행하였고, 학생들의 수업 참여 관찰과 학습결과물 및 소감 발표 등을 통해 정성적인 평가를 시행하였다. 개발 된 프로그램은, 다양한 문화를 이해하기 위하여 가버나움 영화 속 등장인물이 되어 일기 써보기 활동, 성차별을 인지하고 차별받는 등장인물이 되어 양성평등을 다짐할 수 있도록 역할극 수행, 난민 문제를 알아보고 도와주는 방법 생각하기, 인종차별 문제의 심각성을 깨 닫고 이와 관련된 표어 짓기 및 캠페인 활동, 다문화가족의 어려움을 알아보고 도와주는 방법 토의의 총 5개 주제로 구성하였다. 학생들에게 프로그램을 적용한 결과, 소수자 보호, 차이의 존중, 행복 추구라는 세 가지 다문화 인권요소 측면에서 학생들의 소감 발표 및 활 동 결과물을 통해 학생들의 인식개선 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, ‘가버나움’이라는 한 종류의 영화로 수업을 적용하니 초등학교 저학년의 특성상 주인공에게 더욱 몰입하게 되어 다문화 사회에서 고통받는 인물들에 대해 진심으로 공감하고 진지하게 고민하는 모습이 관 찰되어 다문화 인권 인식 향상에 긍정적 영향을 주었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 향후 ‘가버나 움’ 영화는 학생들의 인지발달단계의 수준에 맞도록 활동을 개발한다면 초등학교뿐만 아니 라 중학교, 고등학교 교육 현실에 실질적인 도움이 되는 다문화 인권교육 프로그램의 소재 로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Background : Osteoclasts are differentiated from the monocytes/macrophages of hematopoietic cells, that excessive activities of bone-resorbing giant cells leads to pathological bone diseases such as osteoporosis (contained rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune arthritis). Therefore, it is very important to suppress loss of bone mass by deactivation of osteoclast differentiation. In this context, we evaluated for the effects of black ginseng (BG) extract on TRAP activity, proliferation and differentiation in RANKL-induced osteoclastic RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results : The aim of this study is to figure out the potential anti-osteoporosis effects and the underlying mechanism of BG extract in RANKL-induced osteoclastic RAW264.7 cells. The ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rk1 and Rh4 content of BG was increased more than Red ginseng (RG). The extracts of BG markedly reduced the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) multinucleated cells from osteoclastic RAW264.7 cells, without cytotoxicity. BG clearly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by decreased calcitonin and TRAP (p < 0.01). Furthermore, ginseonside Rg5 and Rk1 significantly inhibited TRAP activity in formation of osteoclastic differentiation (p < 0.01). It is also found that Ginseonside Rg5 and Rk1 mixture more inhibits osteoclast differentiation activity. Conclusion : Our results suggest that Black ginseng extract has an anti-osteoporosis effects in bone disease when administered as a food supplement and has potential as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis.

Background : The human patch test is a method used to evaluate potential skin irritation after contact with a cosmetic materials. Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the skin safety of GS-E3D in human patch test. Methods and Results : Thirty two female volunteers were tested with GS-E3D. GS-E3D (20 ㎕) was applied to occlusive patch test devices and was then applied onto the back of subject with normal skin for 24 hours. Cutaneous irritation responses were evaluated and graded according to criterion of International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) at 30 min, 24 hours, and 48 hours after removing of GS-E3D patch. The average age of subjects was 47.3 ± 9.3 years. Skin reactivity calculated from irritation score in GS-E3D treated group was 0.51 and skin irritation score of no application group was 0, respectively. Skin irritancy was no response in both GS-E3D treated group and no application group. From above data, GS-E3D was identified as a non-irritant according to ICDRG guideline that skin irritation score of ‘0.00 - 0.75’ is a non-irritant. Conclusion : These results indicate that GS-E3D can be useful as a safe cometic ingredient.

Background : Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the acute oral and dermal toxicity of GS-E3D in rat. Methods and Results : The acute oral toxic effects of GS-E3D in female SD rats were examined at dosages of 300 ㎎/㎏ and 2,000 ㎎/㎏. In acute dermal toxicity study, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ㎎/㎏ of GS-E3D were applied onto the shaved skin of male and female SD rats. The weights of rats were recorded at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days and clinical observation were checked once a day for a period of 14 days. All rats were scarified on 14th day and complete gross examination was conducted to detect any gross change of organs after necropsy. GS-E3D did not produce orally or dermally treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity or mortality in all rats during the 14-day observation period. The oral and dermal LD50 values of GS-E3D were over 2,000 ㎎/㎏ in rat. The oral and dermal administration of GS-E3D revealed no significant change in body weight and gross pathology examination compared to control group. Conclusion : These results indicate that GS-E3D can be used as a food and cosmetic materials without critically adverse effect.

Background : Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and genetic factors. Also, hyperinsulinemia directly promotes fat accumulation in hepatocytes. Therefore, it is very important to suppress the most common risks of NAFLD, such as obesity and insulin resistance. In this context, we evaluated for the effects of black ginseng (BG) extract on lipid accumulation inhibition and degradation in hepatocytes. Methods and Results : The aim of this study is to figure out the potential anti-lipogenic effects and the underlying mechanism of BG extract in a cellular-, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) animal model associated with NAFLD. T2DM animal used C57BL/KsJ db/db mouse (M. 6 wk, n = 56), treated with extract of BG and Red ginseng (RG) (each 100 and 900 ㎎/ ㎏/day, p.o) for 6 weeks. BG markedly reduced palmitate-induced intracellular lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. On histology of liver tissues of T2DM animal, macrovesicular lipid droplets in cytoplasm of hepatocytes were decreased both RG and BG-treated groups. In liver tissue, BG-treated groups suppressed CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression, and SREBP-1c mediated induction of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) proteins related to the induction of adipose differentiation. Futhermore, adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was significantly increased in BG-treated groups compared to RG-treated groups. It is also found that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) highly expressed in BG-treated groups. Conclusion : Our results suggest that black ginseng extract has an anti-adipogenic and anti-lipogenic effects in the liver when administered as a food supplement and has potential as a therapeutic agent for obesity and T2DM induced NAFLD.