화강암 석산에서 1번 면, 2번 면 및 3번 면으로 알려진 세 직교하는 분할면의 강도 특성을 검토하였다. R, G 및 H 공시체는 거창 및 합천 지역에서 분포하는 쥬라기 화강암류의 블럭 샘플로부터 획득하였다. 이들 세 공시체의 장축의 방향은 세 면 각각에 수직이다. 세 면에 대한 판별에 유용한 주요 사항은 다음 과 같다. 첫째, R, G 및 H 공시체의 일축압축강도와 관련된 세 그래프의 스케일링 특성을 보여 주는 도면을 작성하였다. 강도의 증가에 따라 세 공시체의 그래프는 H < G < R의 순으로 배열한다. 공시체 내부의 조직 균일도를 지시하는 세 공시체에 대한 그래프의 경사각을 비교하였다. H 공시체(θH, 24.0°~37.3°)에 대한 상기 한 각이 세 공시체 중에서 가장 낮다. 둘째, 두 공시체의 평균압축강도의 조합을 나타내는 RG, GH 및 RH 공시체의 세 그래프와 관련된 스케일링 특성을 도출하였다. 다양한 형태를 취하는 이들 세 그래프는 GH < RH < RG의 순으로 배열한다. 섯째, 강도차(Δσt)와 경사각(θ) 사이의 상관도를 작성하였다. 위의 두 파라미터 는 -0.003의 지수(λ)를 갖는 지수함수의 상관성을 보여 준다. 두 화강암에서, RH-그래프의 경사각(θRH)이 가장 낮다. 넷째, 세 공시체에 대한 세 종류의 압축강도 그리고 각 공시체에 가해진 압축하중에 평행 배열하는 두 조의 미세균열에 대한 다섯 파라미터 사이의 상관관계를 보여 주는 여섯 유형의 도면을 작성하였다. 거창 및 합천화강암에 대한 이들 도면으로부터, 빈도수(N, 0.872) 및 밀도(ρ, 0.874)와 함께 총 길이(Lt)에 대한 상관계수(R2)의 평균값(0.877)이 가장 높다. 또한, 세 공시체의 최소(0.768) 및 최대(0.804)의 압축강도에 비하여 평균압축강도와 관련된 상관계수의 값(0.829)이 보다 높다. 다섯째, 거창화강암의 세 공시체에서 발달된 상기의 두 조의 미세균열과 평행한 방향으로 측정한 압열인장강도의 분포 특성을 도출하였다. 관련 도면으로부터, R, G 및 H 공시체에 해당하는 이들 인장강도에 대한 세 그래프는 H(R1+G1) < G(R2+H1) < R(R1+G1) 의 순을 보여 준다. 인장강도에 대한 세 그래프의 배열순과 압축강도에 대한 세 그래프의 배열순과 상호 부합한다. 따라서, 세 공시체의 압축강도는 상기한 세 유형의 인장강도와 상호 비례한다. 여섯째, 상기한 세 그래프에서 도출한 각 누적수(N=1~10)에 해당하는 세 인장강도 그리고 각 그래프에 해당하는 다섯 파라미터의 값 사이의 상관 계수를 도출하였다. 10개의 상관도에서 도출한 각 파라미터에 대한 상관 계수의 평균값은 밀도(0.763) < 총 길이(0.817) < 빈도수(0.839) < 평균 길이(Lm, 0.901)  중앙 길이(Lmed, 0.903)의 순으로 증가한다. 일곱째, 세 공시체에 대한 일축압축강도 그리고 압열인장강도 사이의 상관도를 작성하였다. 상기한 상관도는 세 종류의 압축강도 그리고 다섯 그룹(A~E)의 인장강도를 근거로 아홉 유형으로 분류하였다. 관련 도면으로부터, 최소압축강도를 제외한 평균 및 최대압축강도와 함께 인장강도가 증가할수록, 상관계수의 값은 급격하게 증가한다.

To investigate the distribution characteristics of grain size and organic matter of surface sediments from the Nakdong-Goryeong Mid-watershed, surface sediments were collected and analyzed. The samples were collected from six sited at four different times between May 2013 and May 2014. The were analyzed for grain size, water content, ignition loss, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total nitrogen. The surface sediments were mainly composed of medium sand (mean 44.7%) and coarse sand (mean 32.8%) and became coarser in May 2014. Fine sediments at the site NG-2 were poorly sorted and positively skewed, and occur in a tributary environment that is relatively low-energy compared with the other sites. The water content at the studied sites (15.3 ~ 34.9%) averaged 20.25%, and ignition loss (0.4 ~ 5.8%) and total nitrogen (274 ~ 2493 mg/kg) averaged 1.33% and, 696 mg/kg, respectively. These values indicated that the sediments were not seriously contaminated when compared with the sediment pollution evaluation standard of the National Institute of Environmental Research. The chemical oxygen demand (mean 0.17%) was at the non-polluted level compared with United States Environmental Protection Agency sediment quality standards. The total organic carbon (mean 0.18%) at all sites except site NG-2 (lowest effect level) was the no effect level of the Ontario sediment quality guidelines. The COD/IL (0.02 ~ 0.20) and C/N (0.73 ~ 6.76) were less than 1 and 10, respectively. Organic matter in the study area produced naturally from aquatic organisms. Results of principal component analysis showed that fine sediments (very fine sand and silt) were significantly affected by organic matters (ignition loss, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and total nitrogen). In addition, the highest organic matters content in the study area occurred at the site with the finest sediments (NG-2).

Amaranth (Amaranth caudatus) is attracting attention as a preference crop in Gyeongsangbuk-do province. To determine its growth potential and cultivation requirements, we investigated its growth characteristics, dry matter productivity, and grain yield according to the growing period. Growth and dry matter productivity were significantly higher for plants that were sown on May 10th when the temperature was the highest, whereas the yield was significantly higher for plants that were sown on April 10th. Amaranth grain yield ranged from 96 to 243 kg according to the sowing date and cultivation year. The optimum harvest time for plants that were sown on April 10th, May 10th, and June 10th were 120, 110, and 110 days after seeding, respectively. The mean temperature and growing period had a significant quadratic function with yield. Based on these equations, the optimum growing temperature was estimated as 20.6℃ and the optimum growing period as 104-119 days after seeding.

To diversify the grain size and shape of japonica rice, we developed the Breeding Materials with Diverse Grain Size and Shape (BM_DGS) and characterized the grain and yield-related traits. We used the donor parents Jizi1560 and Jizi1581, japonica germplasm with extremely large grain size. Four cross combinations between the each donor parents and Korean high yielding japonica rice cultivars, Deuraechan and Boramchan, were constructed and anther culture method was applied. Among 290 doubled haploid lines, we selected 91 elite lines with diverse grain size and shape and designated to the BM_DGS. The grain size and shape of BM_DGS exhibited beyond the characteristics of previously developed Korean rice cultivars. The alleles of major grain-related genes, GW2, GS3, and qSW5, in BM_DGS showed two types, wild type or loss-of-function mutant type. The loss-of-function mutant alleles, gw2, gs3, and qsw5, had an effect on increasing grain size. The phenotypic variation of grain length was mostly controlled by GS3 alleles, and grain width and thickness were influenced by the combinations of GW2 and qSW5 alleles. 1,000-grain weight was determined by the combinations of GW2, GS3, and qSW5. The grain-related genes influenced the phenotypic variation of yield-related traits. The result of this study could be useful to elucidate the relationship between the grain-related genes and agronomic traits. And the BM_DGS are being utilized in the breeding programs to diversify the grain size and shape in japonica rice.

Rice quality should be considered as a primary consumer requirement. Regarding marketing, characteristics such as appearance, physicochemical properties, and palatability of brand rice are of high economic importance. Therefore, this study was conducted to select the optimal rice cultivars representing the commercial rice brands of Gyeongsangbuk-do province in Korea. Various rice grain quality components, grain appearance, several physicochemical properties of rice grain, and texture or palatability of cooked rice grains of ten cultivars (namely ‘top quality rice’) cultivated at three different locations, such as inland mountainous and southern plain areas of Gyeongsangbuk-do province in 2013~2014, were evaluated, and the obtained data was analyzed. ‘Hiami’ showed slightly higher protein contents and lower palatability of cooked rice than the other rice cultivars. Rice production and head rice yield produced at Gumi were the highest. The protein content of milled rice produced at Andong, an inland mountainous region, was approximately 0.3% point lower than that from other locations, whereas the amylose content of milled rice was approximately 1% point higher than those from the other plain regions, Daegu and Gumi. We evaluated the texture, Glossiness value determined using a Toyo teste meter and palatability of cooked rice of ten cultivars. The hardness of cooked rice produced in Andong was slightly lower than that produced in Daegu and Gumi, and additionally, the palatability of cooked rice produced in Andong was the best, followed by that producted in Gumi and Daegu. Considering rice yield and grain quality in the major rice cultivation areas of Gyeongsangbuk-do province, the rice cultivars that may be suitable for each region could be recommended mid-late maturation: ‘Younghojinmi’ and ‘Mipum’ in Daegu, ‘Daebo’, ‘Samgwang’, Chilbo’ and ‘Younghojinmi’ in Gumi, ‘Samgwang’, ‘Jinsumi’ and ‘Sukwang’ in Andong. These results obtained in this study imply that the selected cultivars with high yield and quality could be recommended with high priority to rice farmers in the regions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiochemical properties of Doenjang was fermented by added with fungi and protease. The moisture content and pH of Doenjang added with protease (WP) were lower than those of control w/o protease while the contents of titratable acidity, reducing sugar, and amino-type nitrogen in WP were higher than control. The α-amylase activities of Doenjang added with single and mixed Protease B were the highest at 4 weeks of fermentation period and protease activity of WP was about 4 times higher than that of control. The 4-9 kinds of free amino acids (proline, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine etc.) in WP was increased in comparison with control. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and total polyphenol content were higher in WP than control. Total aerobic bacterial and fungal numbers were decreased depending on fermentation time regardless of addition of protease. In conclusion, the protease can be used as additives improving the quality and taste of fermented Doenjang.

We report the development of new anthocyanin-rich grain corn hybrid variety ‘Saekso 2’. The seed parent, HA3 and the pollen parent, HA4 was developed from breeding materials collected from China in 2008 and from Canada in 2000, respectively. The hybrid was made in the winter of 2010/2011 and evaluated in Hongcheon for 3 years. After evaluation, the selected variety was named ‘Saekso 2’ and was approved for a variety registration in 2017. Anthocyanin content of Saekso 2 in grain was 685 mg/100g and was much higher than that of Saeko 1(0mg/100g). Since regional tests was conducted in only Gangwon province, it is recommended only in that region for commercial cultivation. For the highest content of anthocyanin, it is best to harvest grains at around 45 days after silking. Saekso 2 is the first hybrid bred specifically for processing for high anthocyanin production.

‘Manbaek’ is a bacterial blight resistant mid-late maturing rice cultivar with high grain quality. ‘Manbeak’ was derived from anther culture using the backcross combination, Hopum*2/SR30075. ‘Hopum’ is a mid-late maturing rice cultivar with high grain quality and ‘SR30075’ is a pyramid line carrying three bacterial blight resistance genes. ‘Manbaek’ was selected through the pedigree method, yield trials, and local adaptability tests. ‘Manbeak’ carrying two bacterial blight resistance gene Xa3 and xa5 showed high-level and broad-spectrum resistance against bacterial blight. ‘Manbaek’ was resistant to K3a, mostly virulent race in Korea, and exhibited resistance reaction against 16 Korean bacterial blight isolates. ‘Manbaek’ was a mid-late maturing rice. The heading date of ‘Manbaek’ was August 19th, which was 5 days later than that of ‘Nampyeong’. Manbaek’ was a lodging-tolerant rice with short culm and dark green leaf. Due to the low viviparous germination, ‘Manbaek’ could be a useful material to prevent pre-harvest sprouting. ‘Mabeak’ was resistant to bacterial blight and rice stripe virus, but susceptible to other virus diseases and insect pests. The yield of ‘Manbaek’ was similar to ‘Nampyeong’. ‘Manbaek’ showed excellent grain appearance and good tastes of cooked rice, so that it could contribute to improving the quality of bacterial blight resistant cultivars. ‘Manbaek’, bacterial blight resistant cultivar with high grain quality, is suitable for the cultivation at bacterial blight prone area and has been utilized in the breeding programs for enhancing the resistance against bacterial blight (Registration No. 6069).

A new peanut variety ‘Daan’(Arachis hypogaea ssp. hypogaea L.) was developed at the Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in Milyang 2014. This was developed from the cross between ‘Iksan 31’ with Virginia typed short stem and ‘Dakwang’ with Shinpung-typed larger grain. ‘Daan’ which is a Shinpung plant type had 13 branches per plant and its length of main stem was 44cm. Each pod has two grains with brown testa and long ellipse-shaped large kernel. Its yield components showed 34 pods per plant, 127 g of 100-seed-weight and 75% of pod shelling ratio in the regional yield trials (RYT). Seed quality showed 47.8% of crude oil and 28.3% of protein content. This variety showed resistant to early leaf spot and had more resistant to late leaf spot, stem rot and lodging, compared to reference variety. In the regional yield trials for 3 years ‘Daan’ was more productive than reference variety by 16% with 5.00 MT/ha for grain production.

Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exceeds about 30% of the world’s cereal production and cultivated over 220 million ha worldwide. Heat stress during the grain filling period gives detrimental effect on crop yields and has emerged as a serious problem throughout the world. Korean wheat cultivars that were released since 1960s were developed for various aims such as winter hardness, earliness, and pest resistance, etc. However, heat stress resistance is an emerging target for wheat breeding nowadays. Selected 11 Korean wheat cultivars (“Baegjoong”, “Dajung”, “Goso”, “Hanbaek”, “Jokyung”, “Joeun”, “Jopum”, “Keumgang”, “Olgeuru”, “Sinmichal”, “Uri”) were exposed to high temperature from DAF (days after flowering) 9~13. In this study, plant responses to heat stress as measured by reduction ratios of total chlorophyll contents, 100 seed weight, shoot dry weight can be translated into degree of tolerance. Therefore, these parameters can be used in wheat breeding for heat tolerance during grain filling period. The obtained results allow us to classify cultivars for heat stress tolerance. Pedigree information of Korean cultivars was shown that wheat line of either tolerant, moderate tolerant, or susceptible trait is succeeded to their descendent, which enable breeders to develop heat stress tolerant wheat by appropriate parental choice.

This study had purpose to examine the consumers preference and buying property of processed products by rice, barley, wheat, bean. For the study, the interview was conducted of 300 samples more than 19 years of age. We attempt to examine consumers’ preference and individual properties when purchasing processed grain products. Questionnaire was filled for the 23 variable by referring to previous studies to investigate the properties to consider when consumer purchasing the products. To conceptualize, reduce the high correlation parameters by factor analysis. The results attribute to seven factors that safety, brand/image, taste/shelf life, convenience seeking, preferred high-quality, price, consumption patterns. These properties showed significant differences in demographics. First, there was statistically difference by age in safety, brand/image, high quality preference, taste/shelf life. Second, Safety and high-quality preference were the difference between jobs, and depending on household income were significant difference in consumption patterns. We analyzed the purchasing preference by purchase frequency. Ramen, bread, beer are higher purchase frequency than any processed grain products. On the other hand, frozen rice, soybean paste, red pepper paste that are used primarily domestic raw, were lower purchase frequency. But the difference of purchase property according to products was very similar that the highest factor is price, the following factor as taste. Based on these findings, the implications and the limitations of the study were presented.

A mungbean cultivar ‘Sanpo’ (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) was derived from the cross between SM9710-3B-7 and Jangannogdu at the Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services (JARES) in 2012. ‘Sanpo’ has erect growth habit, green hypocotyls, heart leaflet, dull green seed surface, and black and straight pod when matured. The stem length of ‘Sanpo’ were 71㎝, which was 5㎝ longer than check cultivar ‘Owool’. The pods number per plant, the seeds number per pod, and the seed weight of ‘Sanpo’ are similar to check cultivar. It has field resistance to cercospora leaf spot, mungbean mottle virus, and powdery mildew. In addition, ‘Sanpo’ has high lodging resistance. The hard seed rate of ‘Sanpo’ was 2.4%, which was 0.8%point lower than check cultivar. The sprout yield ratio of ‘Sanpo’ was 8.26 times, which was 10% (77%point) more than check cultivar. The average yield of ‘Sanpo’ was 1.62ton/㏊, which was 14% more than the check cultivar ‘Owool’. (Cultivar registration number: 5250)

‘Sinhwangok’, a new maize F1 hybrid (Zea mays L.), is developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2015. The high-yielding hybrid, named ‘Sinhwangok’ was bred by crossing between two inbred lines, ‘KS178’ and ‘KS145’. It is a yellow dent maize hybrid. After advanced yield trial of ‘Sinhwangok’ in Suwon for two years, regional yield trial was subsequently carried out for evaluation of its growth and yield at three different locations from 2012 to 2015. The days to silking of ‘Sinhwangok’ are 74. The plant height of ‘Sinhwangok’ is 241cm, similar to ‘Jangdaok’, and its ear height ratio is 51%, similar with that of ‘Jangdaok’. It has resistance to lodging. The number of ear per 100 plants is 96. The ear length of ‘Sinhwangok’ is 17cm, shorter than that of ‘Jangdaok’. The weight of 100 seeds of ‘Sinhwangok’ is 34.1g, similar to that of ‘Jangdaok’. It has moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis). It has moderate resistance to European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). The grain yield (8.9 ton/ha) of ‘Sinhwangok’ was 15% higher than that of ‘Jangdaok’. The seed production of ‘Sinhwangok’ was acceptable due to a good synchronization of flowering period during crossing between the seed parent, KS178, and the pollen parent, KS145, in Yeongwol and F1 seed yield was 2.3 ton/ha. ‘Sinhwangok’ would be a suitable cultivar to all plain area in Korea.

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for covered barley to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested six varieties of barley every third day from 24 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 62.4% at 24 DAH to 24% at 42 DAH. The moisture content at 36 DAH was 44.3%; however, moisture content at 39 and 42 DAH was lower than 40%. Yield of covered barley significantly increased from 24 to 42 DAH (p < 0.05). Yield at 36 DAH (557 kg/10a) was not significantly different from that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to the feed value of barley grain silage, the amount of crude fiber and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p < 0.05). However, the amount of crude protein, crude fat, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 24 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.2 and it was stable until 36 DAH (p < 0.05). However, the pH of grain silage at 39 and 42 DAH was 5.2 and 5.8, respectively, which was higher than the pH of silage with good fermentation quality. The lactic acid content of barley grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH decreased from 5.5% to 0.5% (p < 0.05). The amount of lactic acid at 36 DAH was higher than that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for grain silage of covered barley was 36 DAH. This could increase the use efficiency of harvesting machine for barley and reduce the harvesting time gap between whole barley silage and grain silage in Korea. Moreover, using barley grain silage for animal feed could reduce the import of corn.

The sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) variety ‘Sodamchal’ was developed and registered by Department of Sothern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2013. This variety was developed from the cross between ‘Hwanggeumchal’ with brown grain and ’Jungmo4001’ with semi-dwarf trait. ‘Sodamchal’ is the first semi-dwarf stature with waxy endosperm ever developed in Korea. The yield performance of ‘Sodamchal’ was 2.95 MT/ha in local adaptability test for 2 years. It had 91 cm culm length, which was 58 cm shorter than that of ‘Hwanggeumchal’, 26.3 cm panicle length, 22.0 mm thickness of culm, 21.1 g in 1,000 grain weight. It could be reduce the lodging problem and also adapted to mechanized cultivation. ‘Sodamchal’ produces high quantities of polyphenol and radical scavenging activitiy with diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in pigmented testa. Above all ‘Sodamchal’ is suitable for use as a parental source for the development of improved pollinator parent lines for developing semi-dwarf sorghum with waxy endosperm and antioxidant activity. (Variety registration No. 6244)

A black rice variety ‘Pareunsuperjami’ developed from a conventional breeding method is an early maturing variety, of which heading time is 113 days after sowing, about the 30th of July. Its culm length and 1000 grain weights are 64.6 cm and 18.6 g, respectively, with the heavier grain weight than that of Heugjinju. ‘Pareunsuperjami’ has the higher content of cyaniding 3-glucoside (C3G) and strong antioxidant activity, compared to other color rice varieties. The highest content of total polyphenol extracted by a 70% of ethanol was found in the grain of Pareunsuperjami rice among other varieties, such as Daeripjami, Heugjinju, Daeripbyeo. The flavonoid and C3G contents were in the order of Pareunsuperjami > Daeripjami > Heugjinju > Daeripbyeo with a 5-fold higher C3G in Pareunsuperjami (1,038 mg/100g) than that of Heugjinju (204 mg/100g). The highest radical scavenging activity of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, ABTS) was observed in the grain of Pareunsuperjami rice, about 383. The highest ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) was also observed in the grain of Pareunsuperjami (383), followed by Daeripjami (356) and Heugjinju (275). The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity in vitro was also found in the grain of Pareunsuperjami. The higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was also found in the grain of Pareunsuperjami than that of Daeripbyeo with no significant difference than other color rice varieties. These results suggest that there is a close relation between high content of C3G and strong antioxidant activity, and thus the Pareunsuperjami is a good source of natural antioxidants as a functional staple food.

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used as a rapid analysis tool to many components in cereal grains. This study was to investigate the potential NIRS application for determination of components in Korean wheat. Main components of wheat quality are protein content, moisture content, SDS-sedimentation volume and ash content. Wheat has screened for quality, hardness of seed by NIRS in CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center). NIRS calibration was used as a rapid and simultaneous analysis method to determine the wheat quality components. A total of 282 wheat samples, collected from a wide range of Korean wheat cultivation region for 2 years, were analyzed by NIRS. NIRS calibration of individual components were developed using first derivation, second derivation and modified partial least-squares regression and internal cross validation method. As a result, calibration formula of protein was y=0.937x+0.786, calibration formula of moisture was y=0.922x+0.911, calibration formula of ash was y=0.933x+0.08, calibration formula of SDS-sedimentation volume was y=0.947x+2.150. NIRS calibration for wheat quality may be useful for determining protein(R2 = 93.6), moisture(R2 = 91.6), SDS-sedimentation volume(R2 = 94.3), and ash(R2 = 93.4). This study shows that 4 calibrations of NIRS is a useful application in the accurate and rapid determination of wheat quality. Therefore, NIRS could be used to rapidly determine the quality contents of wheat for grade evaluation in a purchasing of wheat cultivation region.

Green manure has been used as alternative to chemical fertilizer. To evaluate the effect of green manure on the chemical properties of top-soil and sorghum yield, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, HV), manure barley (MB), and a mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley (HV+MB) were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 100 kg-N N ha -1 before the sorghum was transplanted. Total biomass of sorghum grown in the HV, MB, and HV+MB treatments was 13.1, 31.6, and 25.2 t ha -1 , respectively, and the nitrogen production of the treatments was 81, 74, and 145 ㎏ ha -1 , respectively. The SPAD value of the uppermost leaf of sorghum plants grown in the soils with HV, MB, or HV+MB were very similar until heading stage; however, at maturity, the SPAD value of sorghum cultivated in the soils with HV was lower than that of sorghum in the soils with MB or HV+MB. This could be because the nitrogen release from HV was too rapid to supply nitrogen to sorghum during the later stage of grain filling. Compared with chemical fertilizers, the incorporation of green manure increased the pH, exchangeable cations (K + , Mg ++ , and Ca ++ ), and total nitrogen in soil postharvest, indicating an improvement in soil chemical properties. Total carbon content increased in soil with green manure incorporated, but decreased in the chemical fertilized soil, suggesting that sorghum cultivation using green manure may sequester carbon in soils. The yield of sorghum cultivated with green manure was not different from the yield of sorghum cultivated with chemical fertilizers. These results suggest that the mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley can be a useful chemical fertilizer alternative in sorghum cultivation.

Recently, an interest has developed in the use of whole green grains as functional food materials. The present study was conducted to provide the baseline data for the stable production of whole green grains in 20 cultivars of wheat by investigating the greenness of grain with maturation (from 20 th to 41 st day after heading, at an interval of 3 days). On the 20 th day after heading, the grains were dark green with a wrinkled long-oval shape. After the 35 th day of heading, the grains turned almost yellow with an oval shape. Their redness (‘a’ value of chromaticity) increased from the 20 th to 41 st days after heading, indicating a negative value up to the 32 nd day after heading. A significant decrease in their chlorophyll content was observed with maturation. The yield of whole green wheat grain (including greenish yellow grain) was the highest from the 32 nd to 35 th after heading. Therefore, we concluded that the optimal harvesting period for whole green wheat grain was from the 32 nd to 35 th day after heading. The heading time of various cultivars ranged from April 28 to May 5, the time of Jopummil cultivar grew the fastest among them, such as Gurumil, Alchanmil, but Dahongmil got the latest in heading time. The greenness of seven cultivars (Jeokjungmil, Keumkangmil, Jogyeongmil, Jopummil, Baekjungmil, Yeonbaekmil, and Milseongmil) was relatively higher than that of the others. The yield of greenish whole grain was relatively high in six cultivars (Alchanmil, Baekjungmil, Eunpamil, Yeonbaekmil, Dahongmil, and Urimil). Based on their greenness and yield, the Baekjungmil and Yeonbaekmil cultivars have been considered to be optimal for the production of whole green wheat grain.