A Gravity-driven membrane (GDM) system is one of the promising solutions for household drinking water treatment in the developing countries. In this study, the GDM system was tested for optimizing manual cleaning protocols using three different feed water solutions. Two types of manual cleaning were performed to delay the permeability decrease, cleaning between batches and long-term cleaning. The optimized cleaning between batches protocol was 3 twisting and 10 vertical shaking. And the optimized long-term cleaning protocol was 70 vertical shaking for both the middle region of the module and near the header part. These cleaning protocols allowed the system to produce sufficient water to meet the daily minimum water requirements for a 5-person family, even for using the wastewater influent. The system produced Escherichia coli free water.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of manual therapy on lower extremity alignment in pelvic malalignment. The subjects were 20 adults with pelvic malalignment. They were divided into two groups: manual therapy group (n=10) and stretching exercise group (n=10). Each group performed the intervention two times per week for 4 weeks. The lower extremity alignment was measured by pelvic deviation, functional leg length inequality, and plantar pressure distribution, which were measured between pre- and post-test. In the result of pelvic deviation, there was a significant difference between the pre- and post-test of the manual therapy group and stretching exercise group. In the result of the functional leg length inequality, there was a significant difference between the pre- and post- test of the manual therapy group. In the result of plantar pressure distribution, there was a significant difference between the pre- and post- test of the manual therapy group. These findings suggest manual therapy improves the pelvic deviation, functional leg length inequality, and plantar pressure distribution in the pelvic malalignment.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of kinesio taping on pulmonary function in stroke patients using manual wheelchairs. Twenty stroke patients were divided into a wood chair group (WCG, n=10), a wheelchairs group (WG, n=10), and a kinesio taping with wheelchairs group (KWG, n=10). Taping with wheelchairs group was applied kinesio taping on back muscles (vertical paraspinal strips and oblique strips). All three groups were trained in upright seated posture for 30 minutes. Pulmonary function tests were performed with forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow as spirometer. There was a significant increase in forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity only in KWG. The results of this study demonstrate that kinesio taping has an immediate effect on the improvement of pulmonary function in stroke patients using manual wheelchairs.

As human's average lifespan is gradually increased, the interest in the quality of life and health is also increasing. More and more customers like to use the facial manual technique as a way to live a healthy life, instead of using it as measures to simply improve skin troubles or to have beautiful skin. The facial manual technique performed in the skin care stage is closely related to the decrease of stress. In order to verify the effects of facial manual technique on the decrease of stress, an experiment was conducted in the same method by dividing 16 women residing in Seoul into four groups, from September 1st to September 30th 2016. To understand their general characteristics, perceptual stress, and satisfaction with facial manual technique through questionnaire, the frequency analysis and descriptive statistics were performed by using SPSS 22.0 program. The paired t-test was conducted to see changes in stress, LF, HF, LF/HF, average pulse, pulse standard, and average deviation before/after experiment. The stress index was decreased in every group. Especially, the group of the 20s showed a huge decrease(24.3%), which was significant to every group except for the 50s. In the results of LF, the group of the 20s and of the 30s increased 2.8% and 4.6% respectively, which was significant. In the group of the 40s, it was increased 4.0% while it was decreased 1.2% in the 50s. Rather than women in climacteric age, it was more effective for women in younger age. In results of pulse standard, it was increased 36.5% in the 20s, 63.6% in the 40s respectively, which was significant(p<0.05, p<0.01). In the group of the 30s and 50s, the significant values were not shown although it was still increased 48.3% and 65.1% respectively. In the survey of the facial manual technique, the whole participants showed positive responses to its effects on the decrease of stress. A majority of them took easy to control feelings, and it was highly possible for them to use it perio-dically in the future. It suggested that the effects of facial manual technique could play a role on recovering psychological stability and decrease of stress. It could be considered as a safe and effective healthcare method to improve the quality of human's life.

The application of the theoretical model to real assembly lines has been one of the biggest challenges for researchers and industrial engineers. There should be some realistic approach to achieve the conflicting objectives on real systems. Therefore, in this paper, a model is developed to synchronize a real system (A discrete event simulation model) with a theoretical model (An optimization model). This synchronization will enable the realistic optimization of systems. A job assignment model of the assembly line is formulated for the evaluation of proposed realistic optimization to achieve multiple conflicting objectives. The objectives, fluctuation in cycle time, throughput, labor cost, energy cost, teamwork and deviation in the skill level of operators have been modeled mathematically. To solve the formulated mathematical model, a multi-objective simulation integrated hybrid genetic algorithm (MO-SHGA) is proposed. In MO-SHGA each individual in each population acts as an input scenario of simulation. Also, it is very difficult to assign weights to the objective function in the traditional multi-objective GA because of pareto fronts. Therefore, we have proposed a probabilistic based linearization and multi-objective to single objective conversion method at population evolution phase. The performance of MO-SHGA is evaluated with the standard multi-objective genetic algorithm (MO-GA) with both deterministic and stochastic data settings. A case study of the goalkeeping gloves assembly line is also presented as a numerical example which is solved using MO-SHGA and MO-GA. The proposed research is useful for the development of synchronized human based assembly lines for real time monitoring, optimization, and control.

The application of the theoretical model to real assembly lines has been one of the biggest challenges for researchers and industrial engineers. There should be some realistic approach to achieve the conflicting objectives on real systems. Therefore, in this paper, a model is developed to synchronize a real system (A simulation model) with a theoretical model (An optimization model). This synchronization will enable the realistic optimization of systems. A job assignment model of the assembly line is formulated for the evaluation of proposed realistic optimization with multiple objectives. The objectives, fluctuation in cycle time, throughput, labor cost, energy cost, teamwork and deviation in the skill level of operators have been modeled mathematically. To solve the formulated mathematical model, a multi-objective simulation integrated hybrid genetic algorithm (MO-SHGA) is proposed. The performance of MO-SHGA is evaluated with the standard multi-objective genetic algorithm (MO-GA) with both deterministic and stochastic data settings. A case study of the goalkeeping gloves assembly line is also presented as a numerical example which is solved using MO-SHGA and MO-GA.

서론 : 본 논문은 수동휠체어와 전동휠체어를 지원하는 제도에 관해 국내와 국외를 분석하고, 한국⋅미국⋅일본의 제도를 비교하여 한국에서 이동성 보장구 지급을 위한 제도적 발전방향을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 본론 : 한국⋅미국⋅일본 세 개 국가의 이동성 보장구 지원정책에 대해 분석하고, 각 나라별로 지급하는 이동성보장구의 종류와 지원서비스에 관하여 고찰하였다. 분석 결과 미국과 일본에서는 수동 및 전동휠체어를 기능별로 세분화시켜 장애인의 기능에 적합한 보조기기를 제공하고 있다. 또한 보조기기를 제공하는 전담기관을 설치하여 휠체어지급에 필요한 서 비스뿐만 아니라 치료와 훈련과 같은 종합적인 서비스를 제공하고 있다. 마지막으로 휠체어 지급 시 전문가의 의견을 토대로 적합한 휠체어를 제공하고 있다. 결론 : 우리나라 역시 장애인들에게 적합한 보조기기를 지급하기 위해 지급되는 수동 및 전동휠체어의 종류를 세분화 할 필요가 있고, 다양한 서비스를 제공하기 위한 제도적 개선이 필요하다. 본 연구가 보조기기 지급제도의 개선에 도움이 되기를 바란다.

목적 :본 연구는 재활 보조기기서비스에 대한 옹호중재의 관점에서 개인의 특성에 따른 지원절차 및 품목 을 통합한 매뉴얼을 개발하여 서비스 수요자뿐만 아니라 제공자에게도 보조기기서비스의 세부절차와 내 용에 대한 이해를 돕고 재활서비스 현장에서 활용할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 설계되었다.연구방법 :국내 11개 지역별 보조기기센터와 관련 행정기관 4개소를 대상으로 방문, 전화, 홈페이지검색 등을 통하여 매뉴얼, 제공절차, 관련법령 등에 관한 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료를 토대로 기관과 지 원분야에 따라 대분류, 중분류, 소분류로 구분한 후 각 분류에 맞추어 보조기기서비스 통합 지원절차 매 뉴얼을 개발하였다. 개발된 매뉴얼은 개인의 특성에 따른 서비스 흐름도와 제품정보로 구성하였다.결과 :개발된 재활 보조기기서비스 통합 매뉴얼은 먼저 지역별 보조기기센터 및 관련 행정기관의 지원제도 로부터 서비스를 제공받을 수 있는 모든 과정을 하나로 통합한 통합지원절차 흐름도와 공공기관별(전국 보조기기센터, 보건복지부, 국가보훈처, 고용노동부, 미래창조과학부) 지원절차 흐름도로 구분하여 개발 하였다. 또한 제품정보는 지역별 보조기기센터의 보조기기목록과 행정기관별 지급 가능한 보조기기목록 으로 분류하여 제공하였다.결론 :본 매뉴얼은 국내 재활 보조기기서비스 지원절차와 제품정보를 통합하였기 때문에 재활 보조기기서 비스 수요자나 제공자들에게 신속하고 정확한 서비스 제공이 가능하며 향후 작업치료 관점에서 보조기 기서비스에 대한 독립적 옹호중재의 역할을 기대한다.

The residential culture of Korea is divided into apartment houses (apartments, dormitories), and multI-family houses. In this thesis, it is important to establish the problem of installation and installation of firefighting facilities and the installation criteria for firefighting facilities in the vicinity of the apartment buildings, and to minimize accidents by allowing occupants to evacuate the facility quickly by allowing occupants to evacuate the facility.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a gentle form of manual lumbar traction could reduce painful lumbar motions associated with lumbar disc degeneration (LDD). This clinical trial incorporated 134 participants with painful active lumbar motion. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental treatment or sham group. 67 participants received sidelying manual lumbar traction while the other 67 participants received a sham treatment. Pre and post treatment NPRS values for the painful active lumbar motion were recorded for each group. There was a statistically significant improvement (P=0.00) for decreased pain intensity during active lumbar motion in the experimental group as compared to the sham treatment group. The average percent decrease in numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) values was 52.1% for the experimental treatment group and 8.1% for the sham group. The results of the study suggest that side-lying manual lumbar traction can improve painful lumbar motion in patients with LDD.

The purpose of this paper is investigated immersions effected by automatic movement and movement using input device in virtual reality games. We compared immersions between two versions of FPS VR game by Unity3D Engine, through questionnaire survey. The first version is FPS VR game with automatic movement system and other version is VR game with manual control movement system. And we applied representation method which generally used in arcade shooting game to VR game. In a PC or console game, a player having a higher involvement level is more immersed. However, as a result of a comparison in the VR environment, the player is less influenced by the enthusiasm through head tracking even if the player does not move by the automatic moving system. An input device that is not suitable for the environment is a big obstacle to immersing in the game. That is, automatic movement system is also suitable for VR game system within the framework of immersion. This result can be applied to other games in various genres, also can be helpful to various directing in game.

목적 : 국내 재활치료 환경과 사회적 제도의 상황에 맞춘 편마비 환자를 위한 한국형 수동 휠체어 기술 훈 련 프로그램(Korean version of manual Wheelchair Skills Training Program for hemiplegia; K-WSTP)을 개발하고 이의 효과성을 검증하여 향후 편마비 환자의 이동성 향상에 기여하는데 목적을 두었다. 연구방법 : 기존에 알려진 휠체어 기술과 수동 휠체어에 대한 일반적 훈련내용을 수정·보완하여 본 연구의 취지와 목적에 따라 K-WSTP를 개발하였다. 개발된 K-WSTP의 효과검증을 위하여 실험군으로 휠체 어 사용시 도움이 필요한 편마비 환자 6명, 대조군으로는 휠체어 사용시 독립적인 편마비환자, 작업치료 전공학생, 작업치료사 각 6명씩 총 24명의 대상자를 선정하였다. 실험 대상자들은 휠체어 훈련프로그램 시행전·후에 휠체어기술검사(Wheelchair Skills Test; WST), 캐나다작업수행측정(Canadian Occupational Perfomance Measure; COPM), 한국판수정바델지수(Korean version of Modified Barthel Index; K-MBI), 주관적의견 등을 평가 하였다. 결과 : 실험군은 훈련 후 WST와 K-MBI 점수에서 훈련 전에 비해 유의한 차이(p<.05)로 향상되었다. 또 한, 훈련 후 WST, 수행도, 만족도는 대조군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않을 정도(p>.05)로 향상되었다. 전체 연구대상자에 대한 주관적 평가결과 어려움을 느낀 휠체어 기술은 ‘turns in place’와 ‘maneuvers sideways’(18.2%)를, 실험군은 ‘level transfer’와 ‘relieves weight from buttocks’를 가장 어렵다고 평가하였다. 결론 : 개발된 휠체어 훈련프로그램은 편마비 환자의 휠체어 기술, 독립성, 개인의 수행도, 만족도에 긍정 적인 향상을 보임으로써 향후 편마비 환자의 재활의지를 고취시키고 이동성 보장과 삶의 질 향상에 기 여할 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

온실내에서의 농작업 지시 방법은 숙련자의 경험에 의존하여 작업자들에게 필요시 구두로 전달하는 경우가 대부분이다. 이러한 방법은 정해진 표준작업절차서 없이 이루어지기 때문에 작업자들에 따라 작업방법과 작업성과의 차이가 매우 크게 발생되고 있다. 또한 농작업의 표준화가 이루어지지 않아 작업속도나 작업량을 측정, 작업계획 수립, 작업 성과분석 등에 어려움이 따른다. 이에 본 연구에서는 온실내에서의 농작업에 대해 표준작업절차를 수립하고 표준절차서를 작성하며 이에 대한 유용성을 검토하기로 한다.

본 논문에서는 사회기반시설 자산관리 프로세스와 운영기법을 담은 표준적인 매뉴얼 프레임워크를 제시하여 발주청이 자체적으로 가감하여 매뉴얼을 구성·활용할 수 있도록 사회기반시설 자산관리 매뉴얼의 프레임워크를 제시하였다. 이를 위해 국내 사회기반시설 자산관리 환경·현황 분석을 통해 자산관리 도입의 당위성을 살펴보고, 정부와 발주청의 자산관리 매뉴얼 현황과 미비점을 점검하였고, 호주, 영국, 미국의 선진국 사회기반시설 자산관리 매뉴얼 현황 및 체계를 파악하고 각국의 자산관리 매뉴얼의 특징을 분석·비교하여 한국의 사회기반시설 자산관리 매뉴얼에서 참고할 수 있도록 매뉴얼 구성방향을 도출하였다. 이를 통해 도출된 국내외 사회기반시설 자산관리 매뉴얼 구성방향을 통해 외국의 자산관리 매뉴얼의 특징을 반영하는 범용성, 자산관리 숙련도별 조직별 차등 적용가능성, 사용자의 편의성, 순환적 프로세스를 고려하여 발주청이 활용할 수 있는 사회기반시설 자산관리 매뉴얼의 프레임워크를 제시하였다.

본 논문에서는 사회기반시설 자산관리 프로세스와 운영기법을 담은 표준적인 매뉴얼 프레임워크를 제시하여 발주청이 자 체적으로 가감하여 매뉴얼을 구성·활용할 수 있도록 사회기반시설 자산관리 매뉴얼의 프레임워크를 제시하였다. 이를 위해 국내 사회기반시설 자산관리 환경·현황 분석을 통해 자산관리 도입의 당위성을 살펴보고, 정부와 발주청의 자산관리 매뉴얼 현황과 미비점을 점검하였고, 호주, 영국, 미국의 선진국 사회기반시설 자산관리 매뉴얼 현황 및 체계를 파악하고 각국의 자 산관리 매뉴얼의 특징을 분석·비교하여 한국의 사회기반시설 자산관리 매뉴얼에서 참고할 수 있도록 매뉴얼 구성방향을 도 출하였다. 이를 통해 도출된 국내외 사회기반시설 자산관리 매뉴얼 구성방향을 통해 외국의 자산관리 매뉴얼의 특징을 반영 하는 범용성, 자산관리 숙련도별 조직별 차등 적용가능성, 사용자의 편의성, 순환적 프로세스를 고려하여 발주청이 활용할 수 있는 사회기반시설 자산관리 매뉴얼의 프레임워크를 제시하였다.

With increasing demands of transportation services for disabled or aged people, who need wheelchairs, it is recommended to install wheelchairs inside automotive vehicles. However, wheelchairs are not effectively safe devices during car crash unless they are properly fixed. So far, few data have been found related to wheelchair safety or characteristics during car crash, therefore, frontal crash simulations have been carried out based on the FE models of a dummy and a conventional wheelchair including the wheelchair fixing belts and the install plate in the present study. Head injury criteria (HIC) and motion criteria (MC) are investigated and the optimum value of the design variable was found by the Robust design.