The co-doping effect of aliovalent metal ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Zn2+ on the photoluminescence of the Y2O3:Eu3+ red phosphor, prepared by spray pyrolysis, is analyzed. Mg2+ metal doping is found to be helpful for enhancing the luminescence of Y2O3:Eu3+. When comparing the luminescence intensity at the optimum doping level of each Mg2+ ion, the emission enhancement shows the order of Zn2+ Ba2+ > Ca2+ > Sr3+> Mg2+. The highest emission occurs when doping approximately 1.3% Zn2+, which is approximately 127% of the luminescence intensity of pure Y2O3:Eu3+. The highest emission was about 127% of the luminescence intensity of pure Y2O3:Eu3+ when doping about 1.3% Zn2+. It is determined that the reason (Y, M)2O3:Eu3+ has improved luminescence compared to that of Y2O3:Eu3+ is because the crystallinity of the matrix is improved and the non-luminous defects are reduced, even though local lattice strain is formed by the doping of aliovalent metal. Further improvement of the luminescence is achieved while reducing the particle size by using Li2CO3 as a flux with organic additives.

Spherical-type zirconia granules are successfully fabricated by a spray-drying process using a water solvent slurry, and the change in the green density of the granule powder compacts is examined according to the organic polymers used. Two organic binders, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), which are dissolved in a water solvent and have different degrees of polymerization, are applied to the slurry with a plasticizer (polyethylene glycol). The granules employing a binder with a higher degree of polymerization (PVA) are not broken under a uniaxial press; consequently, they exhibit a poor green density of 2.4 g/cm3. In contrast, the granule powder compacts employing a binder with a lower degree of polymerization (HEMA) show a higher density of 2.6 g/cm3 with an increase in plasticizer content. The packing behavior of the granule powders for each organic polymer system is studied by examining the microstructure of the fracture surface at different applied pressures.

In an effort to overcome the problems which arise when fabricating high-aspect-ratio TSV(through silicon via), we performed experiments involving the void-free Cu filling of a TSV(10~20 μm in diameter with an aspect ratio of 5~7) by controlling the plating DC current density and the additive SPS concentration. Initially, the copper deposit growth mode in and around the trench and the TSV was estimated by the change in the plating DC current density. According to the variation of the plating current density, the deposition rate during Cu electroplating differed at the top and the bottom of the trench. Specifically, at a current density 2.5 mA/cm2, the deposition rate in the corner of the trench was lower than that at the top and on the bottom sides. From this result, we confirmed that a plating current density 2.5 mA/cm2 is very useful for void-free Cu filling of a TSV. In order to reduce the plating time, we attempted TSV Cu filling by controlling the accelerator SPS concentration at a plating current density of 2.5 mA/cm2. A TSV with a diameter 10 μm and an aspect ratio of 7 was filled completely with Cu plating material in 90 min at a current density 2.5 mA/cm2 with an addition of SPS at 50 mg/L. Finally, we found that TSV can be filled rapidly with plated Cu without voids by controlling the SPS concentration at the optimized plating current density.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary pitamin, pine bark extracts, as a organic livestock feed additives on the egg production and egg quality of laying hens. One hundred-fifty laying hens (Hyline brown) were randomly allocated to one of the following 3 treatment groups for 6 weeks: control, pitamin 0.1% and pitamin 0.2%. The egg production of hens fed the diet containing 0.1% pitamin was similar to that of the control; however, the egg production of the pitamin 0.2% group was significantly lower than that of the other groups (p