The Traffic Culture Index, published annually by the central government, measures traffic behavior at the local government level. Local governments prepare annual improvement plans based on these results, but consistent implementation is often difficult under their fiscal and administrative conditions. This study examines why improvement measures are not consistently implemented in the field by identifying three structural conditions. First, public budgets face both spatial and fiscal constraints. With limited local finances, improvement works often rely on external road-project budgets that are confined to peripheral national roads, leaving them spatially separated from urban areas where the index is actually surveyed. Second, checking whether measures have been implemented depends largely on results-oriented evaluation at the national level; hence, the implementation process is difficult to monitor closely on the ground. Third, implementation tends to depend on a single department and individual officials, which makes sustained, cross-departmental coordination difficult. To address these conditions, this paper proposes an implementation framework that complements the conventional 3E approach (engineering, education, enforcement) with three principles, termed 3C: customization, community, and cooperation. Rather than requiring new municipal budgets, the strategies utilize existing and external resources within current administrative procedures. Customization links improvement measures to ongoing local projects and embeds them within the traffic impact assessment, causer-burden provision of the Road Act, and police reviews of traffic safety facilities. Community engages local nongovernmental organizations as partners that help monitor implementation on the ground. Cooperation strengthens the coordination among departments within existing procedures. By working with existing procedures and resources, these strategies offer a practical implementation framework for local governments seeking to advance their Traffic Culture Index under limited fiscal and administrative conditions.

This study focused on developing a comprehensive strategy for effective missions in North Korea in light of holistic mission. North Korea is a closed nation which calls for some practical mission strategies to be evangelized according to divine providence. Both the work of Holy Spirit and the work of the missionaries are essential to extend the kingdom of God in North Korea. First of all, this study pointed out the importance of developing a comprehensive mission strategy. The mission strategy is based on the concept of Missio Dei (God’s Mission) and the perspective of God‘s kingdom. In other words, both ecumenical and evangelical approaches are needed for a holistic mission in North Korea. This study found out six mission strategies as follows: First, rebuild churches in North Korea through the existing house churches. Second, focus on the people who have escaped from North Korea for freedom. Third, encourage NGO (Nongovernmental Organizations) missions. Fourth, carry out missions in cooperation with the North Korea Christian Federation. Fifth, pursue peaceful unification between North and South Korea. Sixth, carry out missions through Koreans who are living in China. Extending God’s kingdom in North Korea can be possible when some practical mission strategies are well developed and effectively applied. The mission strategies as well as the church’s ministries need to be contextualized so that the Gospel message can be meaningfully communicated to the people. As a result, a lot of true disciples of Jesus Christ can be produced. God will be glorified when many people in North Korea experience becoming a Christian. All Christians in North and South Korea need to arise and shine God‘s light to the world. “Arise, Shine, for your light has come, and the glory of the Lord rises upon you.” (Is. 60:1).