The Indonesian Ocean Policy (IOP) is a new milestone in managing its oceans since Indonesia ratified the UNCLOS 35 years ago. Indonesia underwent several paradigm shifts in strengthening ocean governance from 1957 to 2014. This research aims to analyse three paradigm shifts in strengthening ocean governance in Indonesia. The research revealed that the milestone of the first shift was the 1957 Djuanda Declaration, recognised by the UNCLOS in 1982, regarding the concept of an archipelago state, called the ‘ocean space paradigm.’ The second, which occurred in the Reformation period (1998-2014) was called the Ocean Development paradigm, while the third paradigm shift was after President Jokowi launched Indonesia’s vision as a Global Maritime Fulcrum. This third paradigm shift was also associated with the emergence of the IOP, which contributes to national development and pays comprehensive attention to the constellation of relations between the countries in Asia and various initiatives in the region.

Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing may occur on the high seas or within a national jurisdiction. Several factors were identified as contributing to the occurrence of IUU fishing activities, among which is poor governance marked by limited and overlapping enforcement by related authorities. With very limited regional enforcement bodies and the absence of a regional multilateral agreement, IUU fishing is difficult to overcome. It means that issues relating to overfishing and other fishing conflicts like foreign vessels intrusions and use of illegal fishing methods will continue to be a problem. This paper identifies the Malaysia’s legal framework governing IUU fishing, as well as relevant international and regional laws and policies. The paper also discusses the devastating effects of IUU fishing to the global fish stocks and national economy. Although the existing framework is considered comprehensive, it recommends further stringent and fair law enforcement to combat IUU fishing in Malaysia’s waters.

Global ocean governance is a historical product. In the course of development, the UNCLOS has established the contemporary global ocean governance system. The current system, however, has many defects, including ambiguity in rules and fragmentation in structure. Furthermore, some new challenges are ever-emerging in the system. But all these could be improved through the establishment of a UNCLOS review agency and an enactment of supplementary agreements. China has taken lessons from its participation in the development and reform of the system. This includes the creation of the identity of a developing country, being an active participant and promoter of change as opposed to being a passive recipient and follower inside the system. In its push for reforming global ocean governance, China should not only initiate the establishment of a “World Ocean Organization,” but also enhance its agenda setting, drafting and contracting capabilities of international legislation.

이 연구의 주제는 우리나라의 선도 해항도시(sea port city)이자, 국가 해양수도(ocean capital)의 비전을 지향하는 부산시를 대상으로 하여, 해양행정과 해양정책의 발전방향을 창조적인 해양거버넌스 구축의 관점에서 다루어 보는 것이다. 원래부터 해양이 가진 공유자원적 성격은 불특정 다수 이용자간의 '접촉과 갈등'이 발생하기 쉬우므로, 관련자들의 다양한 이해관계를 조정하는 새로운 '거버넌스(governance)방식'이 필요하다. 해양거버넌스는 비정부 행위자의 참여메커니즘을 전제하고, 상호 신뢰와 협력체제를 축으로 이해관계상의 연계망과 공동생산의 방법을 중요시하는 개념 혹은 기제이다. 정부, 기업, 시민, 전문가를 대상으로 한 조사연구의 결과, 현재 부산에서 나타난 해양거버넌스 형성정도는 보통 이하의 비교적 낮은 수준이었다. 향후 해양거버넌스 형성을 위한 원인으로는 정부차원에서 해양행정(정책)의 최고관리자인 시장의 관심과 중간관리자인 부서장의 태도, 기업차원에서는 경영진의 관심과 태도, 시민차원에서는 해양NGO의 전문성과 신뢰성이 각각 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. 결론에서는 이러한 결과들을 토대로 바람직한 해양거버넌스를 구축할 당위성과 여러 실천적인 대안을 제시하였다.