Pig parthenotes were able to develop in vivo for 30 days with normal morphology. In pig, during blastocyst elongation between day 10 and 12 of gestation, estrogen production and secretion by conceptus increases, serving not only as the signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy, but also as a stimulus for the production of proteins and growth factors within the uterine environment that initiate implantation. Cloning efficiency is still very low regardless of species. To increase the productive efficiency of (transgenic, TG) clones, an advanced somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) method may need. Here we report the productions of transgenic cloned pigs using cloned embryos and parthenotes simultaneously. Fibroblasts were isolated from an ear skin of a 10‐day‐old NIH miniature pig. The ear fibroblast cells were transfected with the alpha1,3‐ Galactosyltransferase knock‐out/human CD46 knock‐in (GalT KO/hCD46 KI). For SCNT, the TG somatic cells were used as donor cells. Immediately after fusion confirmation, the TG cloned embryos and parthenotes were transferred into both oviducts of surrogates. The mean number of TG cloned embryos and parthenotes was 137 (±15.2) and 123(±27.1), respectively. The pregnancy and delivery rate was (55.6%, 10/ 18) (44.4%, 8/18), respectively. Totally 19 GalT KO/hCD46 KI cloned piglets were delivered. Among them, 11 piglets were survived and 8 piglets were born stillbirth. The healthy 5 piglets are still survived.

Pig organ is thought to be the most suitable nonhuman organ for xenotransplanstation. However, one of the major constraints to using pig organs for xenotransplantation is human natural antibody-mediated hyperacute rejection (HAR). Elimination of a(1,3) galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) from the pig is expected to be a solution to the problem of hyperacute rejection. ry1any efforts have made characterization of GGTA1 in structure and function. improvement in the technique of DNA transfection of somatic cells and advancement of the pig NT, a specific modification has been made to one copy of the GGTA1 gene by Missouri group in 2002. To date because homozygousity of the genetic modification has been achieved in this gene, the role of gala(1,3) gal specific natural antibody in HAR and the efficacy of xenotransplantation in a nonhuman primate model will be addressed. If other genes are found to be involved in rejection of pig donors by primates, the technology will be available to modify those genes so that rejection can be overcome.

Pig organ is thought to be the most suitable nonhuman organ for xenotransplanstation. However, one of the major constraints to using pig organs for xenotransplantation is human natural antibody-mediated hyperacute rejection (HAR). Elimination of a(1,3) galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) from the pig is expected to be a solution to the problem of hyperacute rejection. Many efforts have made characterization of GGTA1 in structure and function, improvement in the technique of DNA transfection of somatic cells and advancement of the pig NT, a specific modification has been made to one copy of the GGTAl gene by Missouri group in 2002 To date because homozygousity of the genetic modification has been achieved in this gene, the role of gala(1,3) gal specific natural antibody in HAR and the efficacy of xenotransplantation in a nonhuman primate model will be addressed. Of other genes are found to be involved in rejection of pig donors by primates, the technology will be available to modify those genes so that rejection can be overcome.