Domestic nuclear power plants can affect the environment if multiple devices are operated on one site and even a trace amount of pollutants that may affect the environment after power generation are simultaneously discharged. Therefore, not only radioactive substances but also ionic substances such as boron should be discharged as minimally as possible. We adopted pilot CDI and SD-ELIX sytem to separating and concenrating of boron containing nulcear power plant discharge water. The boron concentration of the initial inflow water tended to decrease over time. The water quality of concentrated water also reached its peak until the initial 60 minutes, but tended to decrease in line with the decrease in the inflow water concentration. The boron removal rate was in the range of 85 to 99% with respect to the initial boron concentration of 15 to 25 mg/L. On the other hand, performance degradation due to the use of electrochemical modules is also observed, and regeneration through low ion-containing water cleaning effective. We shortened processing time by considering the optimal flow rate conditions and conductivity conditions and converting electrochemical modules into series or parallel.

The emergence of micropollutants in natural water sources due to the overuse of anthropogenic chemicals in industry and households has threatened the production of clean and safe tap water in drinking water treatment plants. Conventional physicochemical processes such as coagulation/flocculation followed by sand filtration are not effective for the control of micropollutants, whereas chemical oxidation processes (applying chlorine, permanganate, ozone, etc.) are known to be promising alternatives. Determining the optimum oxidant dose is important issue related to the production of disinfection by-products as well as unnecessary operating cost, and is made possible by simulations of target-micropollutant abatement based on kinetic model equation consisting of second-order rate constant (between the oxidant and the target) and oxidant exposure. However, the difficulty in determining oxidant exposure as a function of complex water quality parameters limits the field application of kinetic model equation. With respect to representative oxidants used in drinking water treatment plants, this article reviews two main approaches for determining oxidant exposure: i) direct measurement in situ and ii) prediction by empirical models based on key water quality parameters. In addition, we discussed research requirements to improve the predictive accuracy of the empirical models for oxidant exposure and to develop a rational algorithm to determine optimal oxidant dose by considering the priority of the target pollutants to be treated.

To improve the safety of tap water, a study was conducted on the introduction of sanitation safety certification system for water treatment plants(WTPs). In order to produce and supply safe tap, the inflow of pollutants should be blocked as much as possible during the tap water production process, and contaminated materials should be removed or inactivated to a safe level in the WTPs. In order to block the inflow of pollutants in WTPs, it is necessary to strengthen the sanitation management such as installation of facilities for preventing inflow and habitat of larvae, and to remove or inactivate pollutants in the tap water production process, strengthening the safety management such as enhanced turbidity management is needed. Sanitation and safety management in the WTPs can be significantly improved by introducing certification system of WTPs. This will induce continuous improvement in water purification plants with insufficient sanitation and safety management, and provide incentives for WTPs with good sanitation and safety management. In addition, when the WTPs sanitation and safety certification system is established, it is desirable to expand the proposed system from WTPs to the entire process of tap water production and supply.

국내 Y정수처리시설에 20-40 m3/m2/h의 표면부하율을 갖는 고속 용존공기부상공정을 도입하였다. 우선, 용존공기부상공정과 입상활성탄 공정이 결합된 반응기를 일처리용량 500 m3/day의 조건으로 운전하였다. 운전결과는 두 공정이 원수내 탁도, 조류, 지오스민, 2-MIB를 감소시킬 수 있음을 증명하였다. 도출된 최적 설계요소를 활용하여 현장규모의 공정(5,000 m3/day)에 용존공기부상공정을 도입하였다. 여름철 56일간 조류와 탁도 제거율을 평가하였다. 처리수 내 조류의 개체수는 20-30 cells/mL 이하로 유지되었으며, 조류 제거효율은 80-89%를 기록하였다. 침전법 및 용존공기부상공정 처리수질의 탁도 제거효율을 비교한 결과 평균 탁도 제거효율은 77%를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과들은 고속 용존공기부상공정이 여름철 음용수의 탁도 및 조류와 같은 저밀도 고형물을 제거하는데 유의미한 방법임을 나타냈으며, GAC는 맛･냄새를 유발하는 화합물(지오스민, 2-MIB)를 제거할 수 있는 공정 옵션인 것을 확인하였다.

Regulations on the concentration of boron discharged from industrial facilities, including nuclear power plants, are increasingly being strengthened worldwide. Since boron exists as boric acid at pH 7 or lower, it is very difficult to remove it in the existing LRS (Liquid Radwaste System) using RO and ion exchange resin. As an alternative technology for removing boron emitted from nuclear power plants, the electrochemical boron removal technology, which has been experimentally applied at the Ringhal Power Plant in Sweden, was introduced in the last presentation. In this study, the internal structure of the electrochemical module was improved to reduce the boron concentration to 5 mg/L or less in the 50 mg/L level of boron-containing waste liquid. In addition, the applicability of the electrochemical boron removal technology was evaluated by increasing the capacity of the unit module to 1 m3/hr in consideration of the actual capacity of the monitor tank of the nuclear power plant. By applying various experimental conditions such as flow rate and pressure, the optimum boron removal conditions using electrochemical technology were confirmed, and various operating conditions necessary for actual operation were established by configuring a concentrated water recirculation system to minimize secondary waste generation. The optimal arrangement method of the 1 m3/hr unit module developed in this study was reviewed by performing mathematical modeling based on the actual capacity of monitor tank and discharge characteristics of nuclear power plant.

A 1,000 m3/d DAF(dissolved air flotation) pilot plant was installed to evaluate the performance of the floating process using the Nakdong River. Efficiency of various DAF operations under different conditions, such as hydraulic loading rate, coagulant concentration was evaluated in the current research. The operation conditions were evaluated, based on the removal or turbidity, TOC(total organic carbon), THMFP(trihalomethane formation potential), Mn(manganese), and Al(aluminum). Also, particle size analysis of treated water by DAF was performed to examine the characteristics of particles existing in the treated water. The turbidity removal was higher than 90%, and it could be operated at 0.5 NTU or less, which is suitable for the drinking water quality standard. Turbidity, TOC, and THMFP resulted in stable water quality when replacing the coagulant from alum to PAC(poly aluminum chloride). A 100% removal of Chl-a was recorded during the summer period of the DAF operations. Mn removal was not as effective as where the removal did not satisfy the water quality standards for the majority of the operation period. Hydraulic loading of 10 m/h, and coagulant concentrations of 40 mg/L was determined to be the optimal operating conditions for turbidity and TOC removal. When the coagulant concentration increases, the Al concentration of the DAF treated water also increases, so coagulant injection control is required according to the raw water quality. Particle size distribution results indicated that particles larger than 25 μm showed higher removal rates than smaller particles. The total particel count in the treated water was 2,214.7 counts/ml under the operation conditions of 10 m/h of hydraulic loading rate and coagulant concentrations of 60 mg/L.

본 연구는 점오염원인 하수종말처리장으로부터 배출되는 물의 수질을 분석하고 배출수의 영향을 받는 어류 중 지점들에서 공통적으로 출현하는 어종인 피라미 (Z. platypus) 를 선택하여 조직학적 변화를 참조하천 지점의 수질과 어류 조직을 비교·분석하였다. 2019년 6월 27~28일 하수종 말처리장 4곳 (대전, 전주, 청주, 익산)의 채집 결과, 참조하 천에서 22종 450개체로 가장 많은 종수 및 개체수가 확인 되었다. 지점별로 5개체씩 2~3년생 피라미의 조직표본을 제작하여 아가미와 근육조직 (피부조직)을 관찰한 결과, 참조하천을 제외한 나머지 지점의 조직은 병리적인 양상을 나타내었다. 수질분석 결과, 각 WTP에서는 배출수질 기준을 준수 혹은 더 좋은 수질로 방류하고 있었다. 그러나 하수종말처리수 배출수 및 방류수계 수질에서 오염도지표를 나타내는 항목인 BOD, COD, TP, TN, SS 값이 참조하천에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 빈약한 어류상과 바이오마커로 이용된 종의 조직병리학적 상태는 참조하천에 비해 낮은 수질에서 기인한 것으로 추측되며, 따라서 원인이 되는 하수종말처리장 배출수 수질개선이 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Adsorption by granule activated carbon(GAC) is recognized as an efficient method for the removal of perfluorinated compounds(PFCs) in water, while the poor regeneration and exchange cycles of granule active carbon make it difficult to sustain adsorption capacity for PFCs. In this study, the behavior of PFCs in the effluent of wastewater treatment plant (S), the raw water and the effluents of drinking water treatment plants (M1 and M2) located in Nakdong river waegwan watershed was monitored. Optimal regeneration and exchange cycles was also investigated in drinking water treatment plants and lab-scale adsorption tower for stable PFCs removal. The mean effluent concentration of PFCs was 0.044 0.04 PFHxS g/L, 0.000 0.00 PFOS g/L, 0.037 0.011 PFOA g/L, for S wastewater treatment plant, 0.023 0.073 PFHxS g/L, 0.000 0.00 PFOS g/L, 0.013 0.008 PFOA g/L for M1 drinking water treatment plant and 0.023 0.073 PFHxS g/L, 0.000 0.01 PFOS g/L, 0.011 0.009 PFOA g/L for M2 drinking water treatment plant. The adsorption breakthrough behaviors of PFCs in GAC of drinking water treatment plant and lab-scale adsorption tower indicated that reactivating carbon 3 times per year suggested to achieve and maintain good removal of PFASs. Considering the results of mass balance, the adsorption amount of PFCs was improved by using GAC with high-specific surface area (2,500m2/g), so that the regeneration cycle might be increased from 4 months to 10 months even if powdered activated carbon(PAC) could be alternatives. This study provides useful insights into the removal of PFCs in drinking water treatment plant.

As water resources are limited and legal regulations are strengthened, there is a growing need to reuse residuals in WTP(Water Treatment Plant). In this study, membrane filtration system was constructed and its operation method was studied for water quality stabilization and reuse of WTP residuals. The operation parameters were stable for 1 year and 6 months. Membrane fouling was identified as particulate pollution (activated carbon) and inorganic pollution (manganese). The membrane system was operated steadily with raw water of high concentration SS(Suspended solid) containing activated carbon because membrane fouling was reduced by the effect of End-Free type. In the case of inorganic contamination, dissolved manganese eluted by chemicals and acted as a membrane fouling source, and the operating conditions for minimizing membrane fouling were confirmed by newly developing application methods and types of cleaning chemicals. Based on the results, design parameters for reducing manganese membrane fouling were derived.

The purpose of this study was to analyze water treatment characteristics, including the efficiency of removing algae from water purification plants, by installing a demonstration facility for decontamination of algae, including natural algae remover injection equipment, in the water purification plant. Jar-test showed that the optimum injection of natural decontaminant was 20 mg/L. Of the water contaminant treatment efficiency of the intake and water purification plants, Chl-a averaged 74.0% elimination efficiency from 5.0 mg/m3 to 1.3 mg/m3 and the maximum treatment efficiency was 91.5% removal efficiency when the inflow concentration of Chl-a was 11.8 mg/m3. In addition, 51.2% and 47.1% of the taste and odor indicator items, geosmin and 2-MIB, resulted from the overgrowth and decaying of algae, respectively, to identify toxic substances and odor reduction effects. In addition, elimination efficiencies of SS and Turbidity materials were higher than 70.0%. In the injection of natural algae remover, no effects such as sudden changes in water quality due to secondary reactions were found, and appropriate levels were maintained under water treatment conditions.

본 사례는 최근 준공된 “구미하수처리장 하수처리수를 이용한 재이용시설”에 대한 것으로 이 시설은 구미하수처리장의 2차 처리수를 원수로, 응집침전시설, 전처리시설, 주처리시설과 재이용수 공급시설로 구성되어 있으며, 설비의 성능 확인을 위한 시운전을 완료하였다. 주처리시설로는 역삼투막(RO Membrane)을 적용하였으며, 하수처리수 내 잔류물질로 인한 역삼투막 성능저하방지와 수요처의 요구수질 충족을 위해 활성탄 주입을 포함한 응집침전공정과 정밀여과막(Micro Filter)을 전처리시설로 구성하였다. 사업 초기단계에 현재 시공된 것과 동일한 공정으로 구성된 Pilot Plant를 건설, 운영하여, 반영된 각 단계별 공정의 적정성과 주요 설계 인자를 확인하였으며, 일부 확인된 개선 사항은 실시설계시 반영하였다.

막여과 정수장에 고농도 망간이 유입될 경우 심각한 막오염을 유발할 수 있어 망간에 대한 제어가 필요하다. 최근 수처리제로 등록된 NaMnO4의 경우 짧은 반응시간에 망간 제거가 가능하여 정수장 적용이 유리할 것으로 기대되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 NaMnO4 주입에 따른 망간 제거 성능과 막의 여과유속에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 유입망간농도 대비 NaMnO4 주입 조건을 평가한 결과반응시간 5분 이내 1배, 1.5배 조건에서 약 90% 이상의 망간 제거 효율을 나타내었으며 0.5배, 2배 조건에서는 제거효율이 감소되었다. 또한, NaMnO4 주입조건과 미주입 조건에 대한 여과유속을 평가한 결과 미주입 조건과 비교하여 주입조건에서의 막오염이 저감되어 미주입 조건과 비교하여 유과유속이 높게 유지되었다.

Modified coagulants were investigated for the removal of phosphorus from secondary effluent of wastewater treatment. The modified coagulants were prepared by mixing alkali earth metal ions such as calcium and magnesium. The basicity of a coagulant influenced on the removal of phosphorus, and coagulants with basicity of 5.9% showed a better removal of total phosphorus than that of 38.5%. Also, coagulants with alkali earth metals enhanced the performance of coagulation by 10% and resulted in 67.1% for total phosphorus removal. Moreover, the removal of suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand was improved using coagulants with low basicity and earth metal ions. Results of this study demonstrated that the use of coagulants with low basicity, and calcium and magnesium ions is recommended to improve wastewater effluent quality.

Peak load rate(i.e., maximum daily flow/average daily flow) has not been considered for industrial water demand planning in Korea to date, while area unit method based on average daily flow has been applied to decide capacity of industrial water treatment plants(WTPs). Designers of industrial WTPs has assumed that peak load would not exist if operation rate of factories in industrial sites were close to 100%. However, peak load rates were calculated as 1.10~2.53 based on daily water flow from 2009 to 2014 for 9 industrial WTPs which have been operated more than 9 years(9-38 years). Furthermore, average operation rates of 9 industrial WTPs was less than 70% which means current area unit method has tendency to overestimate water demand. Therefore, it is not reasonable to consider peak load for the calculation of water demand under current area unit method application to prevent overestimation. However, for the precise future industrial water demand calculation more precise data gathering for average daily flow and consideration of peak load rate are recommended.

본 연구는 잔류함으로써 문제를 일으킬 수 있는 응집제를 사용하지 않고 물리적인 처리만을 사용하는 막여과 정 수처리의 전처리로 F/A 공정을 구성하고자 하였고 이를 구성하는 여재의 성능을 연구하였다. 특히, 탁질 물질과 유기물 제거 가 가능한 것으로 알려진 Filtralite의 도입 가능성을 검토하였다. Filtralite의 탁도 제거효율은 원수대비 83~84%로 여과사와 비슷한 결과 값을 나타내었으며 여재표면에 잘 발달된 공극 때문에 유기물 제거능은 여과사보다 50% 더 높게 나타났다. 따 라서 F/A 공정을 구성함에 있어 여과사보다 Filtralite가 더 효율적이라 검토되었다. 활성탄과 연계한 F/A 공정을 구성하여 막 여과 처리 시스템의 전처리효율을 실험한 결과, TOC 농도는 TMP의 증가에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 판단되어 막오염 저감에 유기물 제어가 중요함을 확인하였으며 유기물 제거 효율이 뛰어난 여재 사용이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.