Introduction “In a world where mobile has become our primary device, marketers should think about mobile as a sound off environment, where users hate being interrupted with sound.” －Caroline Hugonenc (2019), Global VP Research & Insights at Teads.tv The soundless video ad is the new trend online ad that received little attention (Campbell & Pearson, 2019). Facing the new trend of soundless video ads, this research aims to explore how to improve consumers’ attitudes toward soundless video ads by manipulating subtitle. Drawn on process fluency theory (Reber et al., 2004), this research aims to answer three research questions to help practitioners design effective soundless video ads. RQ1: Can adding subtitle to a soundless video advertisement (ad) increase consumers’ positive attitude? RQ2: Does the font type of subtitle influence consumers’ attitude? RQ3: Does the interaction effect of font type and subtitle position influence consumers’ attitude?

Although milk, which is a representative western food, has a more than 100-year history in Korea, the preference is controversial. This study examined the milk history of Choseon in 1884~1938. This period was divided into 4 periods regarding the westerner’s records and advertisements. Westerners who visited Choseon in 1884~1895 (1st period) recorded the eating habits of Choseon,i.e., no milk consumed, even in insufficient food situation. Among the westerners, medical missionaries began to show or/and recommend condensed milk for sick children. In 1896~1909 (2nd period) newspapers, general shops in Hanseong for westerners showed advertisements of dairy products. In the 1900s, condensed and raw milk were advertised through newspapers. Domestic ranching systems to produce raw milk were established at that time mainly by Japanese. In the 1910s (3rd period), raw milk and condensed milk were advertised in newspapers. Since the mid-1920s (4th period), dairy products were bisected into condensed and powdered (dried) milk. Moreover, many Japanese manufacturers appeared in the advertisement in the 1920s. These results suggest that milk has been recognized as a symbol of an enlightenment food in Korea since the late 1900s, but the old negative wisdom, unfamiliar taste, and high price of milk at that time limited its appeal.

Offensive ads that reinforce stereotypes and disparage a group of people have been mainly posited as having a negative effect on purchase intentions of consumers. However, this purported negative effect on sales of offensive brands is incongruent with the growing trend of offensive advertising. In this paper, we demonstrated that offensive ads have a positive sales effect over the long term in a series of experiments. Specifically, we showed that there is a larger increase of sales of the discriminated group than the nondiscriminated group, over time. This overall positive sales effect can be explained by the sleeper effect, where the offensive context is forgotten over time. and, by selfmotivations in accordance to the Compensatory Consumption Theory. In the long term, self-esteem was found to moderate the relationship between “identity with my group” and purchase intentions. For low self-esteem individuals, less identification with the group, is related to wanting to purchase the product. While for high self-esteem individual’s higher identification means higher purchase intentions. Practically, these findings showed how offensive ads reinforce stereotypes and can be effective when targeting low self-esteem individuals. Hopefully, this will raise new ethical problems, limiting the use of such ads.

Introduction Despite the rise of digital media, TV remains the number one place children spend their media time (Moses, 2014). Past research has shown that less healthy food and beverages such as those containing high fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) are prominent in TV commercials (e.g., Carter, Patterson, Donovan, Ewing, & Roberts, 2011). In these commercials, various persuasive techniques (e.g., taste/smell, convenience), which promote the purchase of the products, have been used (Hebden, King, & Kelly, 2011). Extensive studies have found that exposure to advertising for HFSS products, including confectionery, soft drinks, crisps or savory snacks, fast food, pre-sugared breakfast cereals, is associated with children‟s cognition, food consumption, and obesity (e.g., Harris, Bargh, & Brownell, 2009; Macklin, 1994; see also Moore, Wilkie, & Desrochers, 2017). Since younger children, especially those in the “perceptual stage” of development, may not understand the persuasive or selling intent of commercials (e.g., John, 1999), they may be vulnerable to this advertising. As a result, several countries such as UK and Ireland (Hawkes, Lobstein, & For the Polmark Consortium, 2011) have introduced restrictions or regulations for broadcasting food and beverage commercials for children. The commercials of HFSS food and beverage have sometimes introduced these products with healthier images and words / phrases like health and nutrition claims. Health claims refer to any representation that states, suggests, or implies that a relationship exists between a food (/beverage) or a constituent of that food (/beverage) and health. Nutrition claims mean any representation which states, suggests or implies that a food (/beverage) has particular nutritional properties including but not limited to the energy value and to the content of protein, fat and carbohydrates, as well as the content of vitamins and minerals (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States & World Health Organization, 2013). Using health messages for HFSS food presents the risk of a biased image of the products (i.e., they are „healthy‟), which may result in unhealthy life styles and conditions. In recent years, there has been regulatory pressure on food advertisers to market their products responsibly (e.g., WHO regulations; Kraak et al., 2016). At the same time, the Children‟s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI) emerged, in which several leading companies pledged to market their products to children responsibly (see editorial by Boyland & Harris, 2017). Therefore, we were interested in seeing if food and beverage advertising had changed in 2017. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to examine the relative frequency of food and beverage commercials targeting children with a focus on healthy aspects of the products, their health and nutrition claims, as well as other persuasive techniques. Method A total of twenty hours of programming targeting children was recorded on Nickelodeon and Cartoon Networks in the United States during the hours of 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. on two weekdays in September 2017. The advertisements were coded for product type (“food”, “beverage”, fast-food restaurant (“Restaurant: Quick-service/fast food restaurant”), and sit-down restaurant (“Restaurant: Sit-down restaurant”), food type (e.g., “confectionary”, “savory snacks”, “pre-prepared convenience foods”, “bread”, “fruits”, and “vegetables”) (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization, 2016; Suzuki, 2018), and persuasive techniques (e.g., “health claims”, “nutrition claims”, “taste/smell/flavor”, “convenience”, “scientific information”, “celebrities/a well-known person”, and “eating /drinking behavior”) (e.g., Hebden et. al., 2011; Jenkin, Madhvani, Signal & Bowers, 2014; Kraak & Story, 2015; Warren, Wicks, Wicks, Fosu, & Chung, 2008). Food type can be classified into two categories; Less healthy (“confectionary”, “savory snacks”, “sweet bakery wares”, “other sweets/desserts”, “Sugared breakfast cereals”, “pre-prepared convenience foods”) or healthier categories related to other food categories (Ofcom, 2004; Nutrition Australia, 2013; Suzuki, 2018). Seven coders independently evaluated the advertisements, with two coders assigned to every programming block. They were trained for about three weeks to read the coding manual, practice coding and discuss the coding scheme, and revise their coding after receiving feedback of the trial coding. To check coding reliability, two independent coders evaluated the same programs. 94.3% agreement was achieved for product type. Results and discussion A total of 856 commercials appeared. Food and beverage advertisements represented 29.0% (N=248). On average, children were exposed to 12.4 food and beverage advertisements per hour. Of all the food, beverage and restaurant advertisements, “food” and fast-food commercials were frequently broadcasted; 40.7% (N=101) were for “food” commercials, and fast-food restaurant commercials accounted for 43.5% (N=108). 12.1% (N=30) “beverage” commercials and 3.6% (N=9) sit-down restaurant commercials were included. Food, beverage and restaurant commercials were more likely to appear on Nickelodeon (36.2%, N=129) than on the Cartoon network (28.4%, N=419) (χ2=5.43, df=1, p<.05). As for the appearances of product type, “food” advertisements frequently appeared on Nickelodeon (54.6%, N=65), whereas the programs of Cartoon network included a lot of fast food commercials (61.2%, N=79). In examining the appearances of “beverage”, “food”, “fast food”, and “others (except food, beverage, and restaurant)” between the channels, the results showed that the programs of Cartoon network were more likely to broadcast “fast food” commercials than those of Nickelodeon, whereas the programs of Nickelodeon were more likely to broadcast “food” commercials (χ2=38.23, df=3, p<.01)1. The majority of food types were “confectionary” (25.7%, N=26), “savory snacks” (16.8%, N=17), “breakfast cereals” (14.9%, N=15), and “pre-prepared convenience foods” (13.9%, N=14). In classifying various kinds of foods into two big categories related to health (healthier or less healthy) as above-mentioned, less healthy food accounted for 88.1% (N=89). No commercials were categorized into three of the healthier categories (bread, fruits, and vegetables). As persuasive techniques for consumers, “health claims”, and “nutrition claims” were low (8.9%). For example, grape juice produced by Welch‟s used the appeal “sugar free”. In the commercials with nutrition claims, there was no significant difference in the appearance between the “beverage” and “food” commercials (χ2=1.70, df=1, n.s.). The other persuasive techniques like “convenience” (75.8%, N=188), “taste/smell/flavor” (51.2%, N=127), and “eating/drinking behavior” (49.2%, N=122) were frequently used. In contrast, the rates of some techniques (e.g., “celebrities/a well-known person”, “scientific information”) were very low. As for the persuasive technique of “celebrities/a well-known person”, the category of product type was classified in only the “beverage” category. Thus, this study indicated that there were not many less-healthy food commercials that appealed to health and nutrition aspects of the products by using health and nutrition claims, or scientific information. In previous studies, the rate of health and nutrition claims varied between less than 10% to more than 30% (Jenkin et al., 2014). This may be due to the differences in the definitions of health and nutrition claims. Our study referred to the international standard definitions. Therefore, the findings regarding the rate of health and nutrition claims in this study can contribute to overall knowledge about the current spread of health and nutrition claims in “less healthy” food commercials of children‟s television programs. It may also be the case that food companies are acting more responsibly by limiting their persuasion techniques to those that relate to taste or convenience and not by misrepresenting the products as healthy. However, overall, the proportion of less healthy food commercials was high, and various persuasive techniques were used. At the same time, there were no commercials for fruits or vegetables presented during this time frame despite governmental regulations for eating these healthier foods. These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to the ways that certain foods are promoted (or are not promoted) among parents and policy-makers. As the sample used in this study was recorded only on weekdays and through the two kids' channels. It would be expected that the future study develop the analysis for the recorded commercials on weekends and on the other local channels. The sample used in this study was analyzed only on weekdays and through two children‟s channels. Future research might examine food and beverage advertising across different time frames and channels.

Consumers’ perception of advertisements can affect brand attitudes, brand trust, and brand image (Meenaghan, 1995; Sheinin, Varki, & Ashley, 2011). Therefore, strategic selection of elements in advertisements becomes important, especially for luxury brands. Luxury brands tend to position themselves as artisans of a particular category or a product and highlight exclusivity (Fionda & Moore, 2008). When a luxury brand is known for a specific product, a less-known product of the brand in an advertisement would be perceived differently. The present study focused on exploring the different effects of iconic products and less-associated products of a luxury brand in the context of advertisements. Categorization theory, typicality effects, and conceptual fluency provided theoretical foundation in understanding the relationships. Typicality effects, simply put, occur when members in a category are graded, “with members ranging from very good (typical) members of a category to very poor (atypical) members of a category” (Loken, Barsalou, & Joiner, 2008, p. 153). In consumer studies, typicality had been examined in various dimensions and showed to effect consumer attitude (Goedertier, Dawar, Geuens, & Weijters, 2015; Loken & Ward, 1990; Ward & Loken, 1988). However, to our knowledge, the subject had not been covered in the luxury brand advertisement context. To test the effects of typicality, the study examined whether typical products in luxury advertising have a higher level of advertisement liking, pleasantness, and novelty than atypical products (H1), whether consumers’ advertisement attitude from luxury advertising have a positive effect on brand attitude (H2), and whether consumers’ product involvement moderated the relationship between product typicality and advertisement attitude. Before the main test, two pretests were performed; the first to select the luxury brand and products to be used in the main test; the second to ensure the brand-product association of the advertisements. A total of 123 undergraduate students participated in the experiment, a (typical vs. atypical) between-subjects design. Participants were exposed to one of the two experimental conditions and were asked to complete a questionnaire. They were provided with questions measuring advertisement liking, pleasantness, novelty, brand attitude, demographical questions, and manipulation checks. All questions, apart from the demographics and certain questions in the manipulation checks, were measured on a 5-point Likert scale. Reliability analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis were used in hypothesis testing. Results of the study revealed that typical brand products in luxury brand advertisements have a higher level of advertisement liking, pleasantness, and novelty. Additionally, advertisement liking and novelty have a positive effect on brand attitude but pleasantness had no effect. Finally, product involvement did not moderate the effects of product typicality on advertisement attitude. The study shows significance in that it supports the typicality effect in categorization theory by showing that there are certain products that consumers link with brands, and the closer the link, the more positive advertisement attitude becomes. Based on the results, it is recommended that luxury brands take caution in product placement and include iconic products in advertisements. There should also be focus on which products are in the advertisement, not the individual consumer’s involvement in a product. For future research, experiments exploring whether presenting typical products with atypical products in advertisements would strengthen the relationships between brands and atypical products is suggested. Also, studies on how luxury brands can elevate the status of atypical products to typical products by educating consumers would provide practical strategies for luxury brand marketers.

This study analyzes the images of models in womenswear advertisements targeting women in their fifties. The goals of this study are: 1) to investigate beauty ideals for middle-aged women by analyzing models’ look age, chronological age, wrinkles, gray hair, hair length, body type, and race; and 2) to explore how ageing is dealt with in advertisements by analyzing the range of bodies shown in advertisements, the color mode of photographs, and the clarity of models’ figures in relation to models’ look ages. A total of 155 printed advertisements from January 2012 to January 2017 from the brands Daks Ladies, Lebeige, Luciano Choi, PAT, and Zishen were selected for analysis. Womenswear brands targeting middle-aged women reinforce cultural ideals of female beauty that emphasize youth and slenderness. They do this by using thin and slender models, who most often appear to be in their twenties and thirties, and have hair longer than their shoulders. Brands with higher price ranges show a preference for Caucasian models, which reveals that a Caucasian identity is associated with sophistication. In addition, the bodies of models who appear to be in their forties and fifties were concealed by framing photographs mostly above the knees. Older models’ features were also obscured via the use of black and white photography, strong lighting and contrast, and digital editing that blurred the boundaries between figures and their backgrounds. These decisions for how to represent models could result in negative self-esteem and a denial of the symptoms of ageing among middle-aged women.

The purpose of this study was to find efficient and customized tools for delivering the benefit of health functional foods (HFFs). Delivery tools which could influence the impact of advertising were images, explanations of ingredients, diagrams of health benefit, patents, and comments from authority. Six advertisements were developed using these tools: “A”: relevant image + explanation of ingredients + scientific diagram of efficacy; “B”: relevant image + explanation of ingredients; “C”: relevant image; “D”: irrelevant image; “E”: irrelevant image + explanation of ingredient + patent; “F”: irrelevant image + explanation of ingredient + comments from authority. To analyze the consumer perceptions on HFFs and advertisement effects, 300 respondents were requested to answer a questionnaire comprising of the following questions: 5 questions of attitudes (necessity of HFFs, trust in HFFs, gathering information, watching advertisements and trust in advertisement claims) and 6 questions on the 6 developed advertisements (attention, understanding, sufficiency of information, sympathy, trust, and purchase). Scoring was done as per the 5 Likert scale. There was a higher proportion of females and the elderly, as compared to males and youngsters. The overall consumer attitudes were positive. Explanation of ingredients, scientific diagram of health benefit, patents and expert comments were helpful factors in increasing the advertisement evaluation by consumer, but the images were not. Advertisement evaluation of consumer did not differ with gender and age. However, differences were observed between some of the consumer attitudes (necessity of HFFs, trust in HFFs, gathering information and trust in advertisements claim) and advertisement evaluations (attention, understanding, sympathy and purchase). Our results indicate that for consumers utilizing the HFFs, advertisements with concrete tools such as diagrams, patent, and expert comments are more helpful. However, for consumers who do not have interest in HFFs, the scientific information was irrelevant. We believe that to maximize the effect of health information in advertisements, consumers should be segmented, and customized tools for each segment needs to be developed.

목적 : 본 연구는 작업치료사 구인공고를 분석하여 작업치료사 구직 시장의 동향을 파악하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 분석 자료는 2011년부터 2015년까지 오티브레인 커뮤니티(http://otbrain.com/)에 게시된 8,753건 의 작업치료사 모집 공고를 수집하여 지역별, 고용형태별, 급여수준별, 시기별, 모집분야별로 분석하였다. 결과 : 분석 결과, 최근 3년간 연도별 구인공고 건 수가 연도별 작업치료사 국가시험 합격자 수보다 500건 이상 더 많았다. 지역별로는 서울과 경기도의 구인공고 건 수가 5,272건(60.20%)으로 수도권에 집중되어 있었다. 고용형태별로는 구인공고 건수 중에서 정규직이 6,467건(73.90%)으로 나타났다. 급여수준별로는 6,944건 (79.80%)이 2,500만원 미만으로 나타났다. 시기별 기준으로 구인공고가 가장 활발하게 게시되는 시기는 12~1월이고 5월에 가장 적은 것으로 나타났다. 모집분야별로는 성인/노인 분야가 80.00% 이상으로 높게 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 구인공고를 통하여 작업치료 구직 시장의 변화를 알 수 있었으며, 추후 구인공고를 좀 더 구체적 으로 분석하여 다양한 분야별 수요와 공급에 대한 연구가 필요하겠다.

This research was conducted to undertake the impact of advertisements on multiple social media platforms on consumer responses. The study also researches internet and social media consumption habits of consumers of different demographics. The results largely suggest that positive consumer responses in form of better brand engagement, loyalty and recall are associated with organizations that indulge in promoting their products and services on multiple social media.

The environmental consequences of consumerism are starting to demand change on the part of consumers, businesses, and the public sector. As consumer activity has been found to be a primary cause of environmental degradation and natural resources depletion, consumers need to become educated and involved in sustainability efforts (Sheth et al., 2011). In the current marketplace, however, consumers generally make purchase decisions without considering the environmental impact of those choices. This paper examines a sustainability claim, which allows consumers to consider the negative consequences of their decisions. Additionally, the consequences are communicated using message framings varying between the personal impact and company impact framing. This paper also considers differing levels of a consumer’s environmental involvement. Consistent with the theoretical concepts of social judgment, in conjunction with self-determination, the findings from this research offer an important expansion on prior work: here, the level of EI determined a boundary condition for the effects of sustainability labeling and message framing. While both groups of consumers evaluated the ad containing full information more favorably than the one with partial information, high-EI consumers preferred the ad focusing on the company’s impacts regarding the environment. Arguably, presenting the responsibilities of the company clarified and justified the use of the claim. However, extrinsic rewards and self-enhancement motives may not be key motivators for high-EI consumers. In fact, asking high-EI consumers to conserve nature and minimize their environmental impacts may be ineffective, since they typically respond more to their personal beliefs. Conversely, extrinsic rewards and recognition seem to be prime motivators for low-EI consumers. To encourage consumers to make more mindful consumption decisions, a communication tool that incorporates sustainability labeling and environmental impact framing seems to offer much promise. Indeed, the ability to connect environmental impacts with consumer choices appears to be an important determinant of the effectiveness of sustainability communication. If an ad fails to clearly convey to consumers the environmental impact of purchasing specific products, the provision of sustainability information on product packaging is of no practical value. A more transparent approach of presenting sustainability information may prove helpful to both consumers and the environment.

The aim of this study is to discuss the attributes of political discourse in political advertisements. The materials of the study are the advertisements used by candidates in the 16th and 17th Korean presidential elections. Presidential election advertising is the social practice of competing in political discourse on who is more proper for the presidency. The upper level of discourse in advertisement takes on the narrative of statements directed at the public, but argumentation about political assertions is included in it. The core of the argumentation asserts support for the candidate and backs such an assertion. A story that dramatizes the details related to the candidate or his/her policy has a big effect of gaining sympathy for the message, but on the other hand it can also lead to criticism that political issues are being dealt with only through images rather than language. Narrative, complexly constructed through spoken language, visual images, subtitles, sounds and other channels, accordingly contains various messages, but it has a strong impact ultimately by being condensed into one symbolic rhetoric, since the candidate's personality, political message, and the power to realize these-that is, all the factors the public considers in making a political choice-are included in it.

목적 : 본 연구는 작업치료 인력과 시장이 확대됨에 따라 작업치료사 구인공고를 분석함으로써 작업치료사의 공급과 더불어 구인공고에 나타난 지역별 구인현황을 고용 형태, 분야, 급여 등으로 구분하여 알아보고자 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 2011년 1월부터 2012년 12월까지 대한작업치료사협회와 오티브레인 커뮤니티에 올라온 구인공고를 분석에 사용하였으며, 2011년에 1,104개의 구인공고를, 2012년에 1,315개의 구인공고를 분석하였다. 결과 : 작업치료 교육기관은 전국에 55개가 있으며 2010년부터 해마다 1,000명 이상 작업치료사가 배출되고 있다. 작업치료사는 2012년 현재까지 평균 78.8%의 합격률로 총 7,609명이 합격하였다. 구인공고 분석 결과 경기도와 서울에서 전체 구인공고의 50% 이상을 차지하였으며, 고용형태로 볼 때 정규직이 80% 이상을 차지하였다. 분야별로는 성인/노인이 85% 이상이었고 아동은 15% 정도로 나타났다. 급여는 연봉 2000만원~2500만원이 50% 이상으로 가장 많았으며, 200만원 이하는 약 15%로 조사되었다. 월별 공고 건수는 12월, 1월이 가장 많았다. 작업치료는 2012년까지 지속적으로 취업률 70% 이상으로 상이 10위안에 드는 학문 분야이다. 결론 : 공급과 수요가 늘어나는 환경에서 구인공고의 자료는 작업치료 분야의 현재 상황을 알고 앞으로의 변화에 대응하기 위한 지표로서 작용할 것이므로 주기적으로 조사할 필요가 있다. 아울러 통게적으로 분석되기 어려운 의료기관 이외의 분야와 작업치료사의 전문직으로써의 역할에 맞는 대우와 질적 성장에 대한 고민이 필요할 것이다.

This study investigated the impact of individual differences in motivational reactivity on cognitive effort, memory strength (sensitivity) and decision making (criterion bias) in response to Internet ads with positive and negative content. Individual variation in trait motivational activation was measured using the Motivational Activation Measurement developed by A. Lang and her colleagues (A. Lang, Bradley, Sparks, & Lee, 2007). MAM indexes an individual's tendency to approach pleasant stimuli (ASA, Appetitive System Activation) and avoid unpleasant stimuli (DSA, Defensive System Activation). Results showed that individuals higher in ASA exert more cognitive effort during positive ads than individuals lower in ASA. Individuals higher in DSA exert more cognitive effort during negative ads compared to individuals lower in DSA. ASA did not predict recognition memory. However, individuals higher in DSA recognized ads better than those lower in DSA. The criterion bias data revealed participants higher in ASA had more conservative decision criterion, compared to participants lower in ASA. Individuals higher in DSA also showed more conservative decision criterion compared to individuals lower in DSA. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Consumers can have impression goals as well as defense goals. Those with impression goals could use social goals or opinions of others in a social context to determine their attitudes, and those with defense goals could maintain their existing attitudes and beliefs. Since people typically approach pleasure and avoid pain, there are two kinds of goal orientations depending on regulatory focus theory. Therefore, marketers could design advertisements for their products on the basis of two types of focus, promotion-focused and prevention-focused advertisements. This study aims to explore how consumers with different consumption goals evaluate an advertised product. The results of this study demonstrate that consumers with impression goals felt much more "right" about the product in a promotion-focused, rather than prevention-focused, advertisement, and those with defense goals, felt much more "right" about the product in a prevention-focused advertisement. Consumers with impression goals evaluated the product in the promotion-focused advertisement more favorably than in the prevention-focused advertisement, and those with defense goals evaluated the product in the prevention-focused advertisement more favorably.

인터넷을 통한 상거래가 활성화되면서 상표가 기존의 상표권 제도하에서는 예상할 수 없었던 새로운 형태로 사용되고 있다. 이 글에서는 포털사이트의 큰 수익모델이 되고 있는 키워드광고(인터넷 이용자가 검색어를 입력하면 그 검색어에 광고를 연결해줄 것을 미리 신청한 광고주의 광고가 검색결과를 보여주는 화면에 나타나게 해주는 광고기법)에 대하여 다룬다. 타인의 상표를 검색사이트를 통하여 소비자에게 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 매개수단으로 사용한 경우 상표권 침해 또는 부정경쟁행위에 해당하는지에 대하여 광고주와 검색사이트로 나누어 검토한다.

정보검색이나 상품 또는 서비스 구매를 위한 현대인들의 인터넷 이용도가 높아지면서, 인터넷을 이용한 다양한 형태의 광고가 나타나고 있다. 이 중 지금까지 가장 활발하게 이용되는 광고가 바로 팝업광고와 키워드광고이다. 인터넷에 팝업광고와 키워드광고를 게재하고자 하는 광고주들은 자신들의 광고가 자주 노출되기를 바라기 때문에, 타인의 등록상표, 타인의 주지(저명한 상품표지 또는 영업표지를 키워드로 구매하거나 이러한 키워드와 관련된 인터넷 공간을 구매하여 팝업광고와 키워드광고를 하고 있다. 검색엔진은 위와 같은 단어 등을 키워드로 판매함으로써 상당한 매출을 올릴 수 있기 때문에 팝업광고와 키워드광고는 다른 광고시장보다 눈부시게 성장하고 있는 상황이다. 그러나 팝업광고 또는 키워드광고와 관련하여 타인의 등록상표 또는 주지(저명한 상품∙영업표지를 사용하는 것은 해당 상표권자 등과의 관계에서 크고 작은 분쟁을 야기시키고 있어 이러한 행위가 상표법 및‘부정경쟁방지 및 영업비밀보호에 관한 법률’(이하‘부정경쟁방지법’)을 위반하는 것은 아닌지 문제된다. 팝업광고 및 키워드광고의 상표권 침해 여부 혹은 부정경쟁행위 해당 여부에 대하여 가장 활발한 논의가 이루어지고 있는 곳은 미국이다. 그러나 미국의 법원은 팝업광고 및 키워드광고의 위법성에대하여 서로 엇갈린 판결을 내리고 있어 그에 대한 명확한 결론이 내려지지는 않은 상황이다. 연방상표법은 상표권 침해를 인정하기 위하여 크게 (i) 상표적 사용과 (ii) 혼동가능성이라는 두 가지 요건을 요구하고 있는데, 팝업광고 및 키워드광고의 상표권 침해 등과 관련하여 미국의 법원 및 학자들 사이에서 가장 큰 논란이 되고 있는 쟁점은 팝업광고 및 키워드광고가 미국 연방상표법의 규정상 타인의 상표를‘상표적으로 사용’한 것으로 볼 수 있는가하는 점이다. 이에 대해서 근래 미국에서는 상표권침해 여부를 판단함에 있어 상표권 침해의 결과로서‘수용자의 오인, 혼동가능성’만을 고려하였던 종래의 무분별한 입장을 비판하면서 상표권 침해의 요건으로서‘상표적 사용’이 존재할 것을 먼저 요구하는 한편 그 행위태양을‘상품의 출처를 표시하는 행위’로 엄격히 제한하여 상표권의 부당한 확대를 방지하려는‘상표사용이론’이 대두하였고, 미국에서는 그러한 주장이 다수의 학설과 판례에 의하여 지지를 얻어가고 있는 중이다. 동 이론에 따르면, 상표적 사용에 해당하기 위해서는‘상품 출처 표시’를 목적으로 타인의 상표를 사용하는 것이 전제되어야 하므로, 광고주의 팝업광고나 키워드광고의 내용 자체에 타인의 상표 등이 포함되지 않는 한 팝업광고나 검색엔진과 관련하여 키워드 등이 사용되고 있는 것은‘상품 출처 표시’로서의 사용에 해당하지 아니하여 상표권을 침해한 것으로 볼 수 없다고 한다. 다만, 광고주의 광고 자체에 타인의 상표가 직접적으로 이용되어 광고주의 상품의 출처를 표시하는 방법으로 타인의 상표가 사용되었고 이로 인하여 소비자들에게 혼동가능성을 야기하였다면, 상표권자는 광고주에 대하여 상표권 침해로 인한 책임을 물을 수 있고, 검색엔진 등은 해당 검색엔진의 비즈니스 모델이 상표권 침해를 야기하는 방향으로 개발되었다면 이에 대하여 기여책임을 부담할 수 있다고 한다. 우리나라에서는 아직 팝업광고나 키워드광고의 위법성에 관한 본격적인 논의가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 그러나 최근 서울고등법원은 포털사이트의 키워드광고 검색 결과 최상단에 빈공간(여백)을 적절히 확보하여 새로운 키워드광고를 삽입하거나 기존에 제공되는 광고 내용을 대체하는 등의 프로그램에 대한 가처분이의사건에서, 타인의 영업표지를‘사용’한다고 하기 위해서는 적어도 타인의 영업표지를 행위자 자신의 영업의 출처를 나타내는 방법으로 사용하여야 한다고 설시하였다. 나아가 부정경쟁행위에 대하여 형사처벌이 가능하다는 점에 비추어 볼 때, 사안과 같이 자신의 영업표지와 타인의 영업표지를 함께 나타나게 하는 경우까지 위‘사용’개념을 확장해석 할 수는 없으므로, 문제의 광고방식이 부정경쟁행위에 해당하지 않는다고 판단하였다. 그렇지만 이러한 광고방식은 타인의 저명한 영업표지 등이 가지는 신용에 편승하여 타인의 영업을 방해하는 정도가 상도덕이나 관습에 반하여 공서양속 위반에까지 이를 정도로 불공정하여 위법성이 인정되므로 업무방해로 인한 불법행위책임이 인정된다고 판시하여 자칫 규제의 사각지대에 놓일 수 있는 인터넷 광고 형태를 규제하였는바, 이러한 접근은 팝업광고나 키워드광고의 위법성 판단에 있어서도 참고할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 우리나라의 현행 상표법과 부정경쟁방지법상 상표권 침해행위나 부정경쟁행위를 판단함에 있어서는 타인의 등록상표, 타인의 주지∙저명한 상품표지 또는 영업표지를‘사용’할 것이 요구되고, 상표법이나 부정경쟁방지법의 입법목적을 고려할 때 여기서‘사용’이란 특정 상품이나 서비스의 출처를 식별하기 위하여 상표나 표지를 사용하는 것을 의미하는 것으로 해석하여야 한다. 이러한 해석 하에서는 팝업광고나 키워드광고의 내용 자체에 타인의 등록상표 또는 주지∙저명한 표지가 사용되지 않는 한, 즉 타인의 상표나 표지로 이루어진 키워드가 광고주의 팝업광고나 키워드광고를 나타나게 하는 내부적 알고리즘으로만 사용된 것에 불과 하다고 볼 수 있는 한, 해당 팝업광고나 키워드광고가 상표법이나 부정경쟁방지법에 위반된다고 보기는 어렵다고 생각된다. 다만, 팝업광고나 키워드광고 자체에 타인의 등록상표, 타인의 주지∙저명한 상품표지 또는 영업표지를 광고주의 상품이나 서비스의 출처표시로서 인식할 수 있는 부분이 포함되어 있다면 관련 광고주에게는 상표법 또는 부정경쟁행위 위반에 따른 직접책임을, 검색엔진 등에게는 그 관여 정도에 따라 공동불법행위 또는 방조의 책임을 물을 수 있을 것이다. 검색엔진의 이러한 책임과 관련하여서는 인터넷서비스제공자의 책임 및 면책과 관련된 규정을 도입하는 방안도 고려해 볼 수 있을 것이다. 팝업광고나 키워드광고 자체에 타인의 등록상표 등이 해당 광고에 직접 표시되어 혼동가능성을 주는 경우는 별론으로 하고, 현행 상표법 및 부정경쟁방지법상 상표권 침해나 부정경쟁행위 성립을 인정하기 위한‘상표적 사용’또는‘표지적 사용’ 의 해석, 혼동가능성의 판단시점 문제 등을 고려할때, 팝업광고나 키워드광고에 대하여 상표권 침해나 부정경쟁행위 성립을 인정하는 것은 쉽지 않아 보인다. 그러나 팝업광고나 키워드광고에는 분명히 타인이 막대한 비용을 투자하여 쌓아 올린 상표 또는 표지가 가지는 신용(good will)이나 고객흡인력에 무임승차하여 부당하게 이익을 도모한다는 측면이 있으므로, 이를 규제할 필요성이 전혀 없다고 말할 수는 없다. 이와 관련하여서는 민법상의 불법행위책임이나‘정보통신망 이용촉진 및 정보보호 등에 관한 법률’에 의한 규제를 고려해 볼 수 있고, 나아가 입법론적 해결도 생각해 볼 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 과정에서 궁극적으로는 타인의 등록상표나 상품 또는 영업표지를 이용한 다양한 형태의 영업활동을 보장하고 자유경쟁을 통하여 이용자들에게 많은 정보를 제공할 것인지, 아니면 상표나 상품 또는 영업표지의 신용 및 고객흡인력을 쌓기 위하여 많은 노력과 비용을 들인 상표권자 등 권리자의 이익을 우선할 것인지에 대한 이익형량을 통하여 권리자의 이익 보호와 자유경쟁을 통한 소비자의 이익 극대화라는 두 명제 사이에서 적절한 해결점을 찾아야 할 것으로 보인다.

This study was intended to help children to cultivate and develop a sound attitude toward food consumption and eating habits through the analysis of food and nutritional information in news articles and advertisements in three major daily children's newspapers in Korea: The Chosen Children's Daily Newspaper, The Hankook Children's Daily Newspaper, and The Donga Children's Daily Newspaper. The monitoring period was for twelve months, January to December 2003. Two hundred seventy-nine articles and three hundred thirty-five advertisements were analyzed. The results were as follows. 'Cooking and health' were the most frequent subject in food and nutrition articles. The articles' contents are evaluated positively in morality and explanation; but negatively in fairness, specialization, and objectiveness. The articles were insufficient in the explanation of professional terms, scientific bases, and practical measures for real life. It therefore seems that they were difficult for children to understand well. The most frequent themes in the advertisements were 'processed fats and sugars' such as chocolate, candies, and cookies. Frequently, they were exaggerated and accompanied by phrases promoting consumption. They did not provide sufficient well-grounded information, and focused too much on events or gifts to instigate consumer sentiment. In conclusion, the most serious problem was that most food and nutrition information in these children's newspapers was lacking in specialization. More specialized and objective information should be provided in order to enhance the educational value of children's newspapers and their utilization in school education programs. Continuous monitoring should be carried out to discover those news articles and advertisements that contain correct food and nutrition information.