“jiǎo (腳)” can refer to the body part, which is a common concept. Since the Tang dynasty, the word “jiǎo” has been used as a common word, which has features of the ordinary shape, high frequency, and strong ability of word-formation. It can be illustrated by the fact that Grand Chinese Dictionary collects more than 600 entries that contain the morpheme “jiǎo”. Therefore, when not knowing the motivation of word-making, people find it easy for the word “jiǎo” to be borrowed for another character. The main reason for the shape error of “jiǎo” is found in the phonetic similarity. “zhǐ jiǎo couple (指腳夫妻)” has the shape error, so some people can only explain its meaning according to the text regardless of its formation reason. Others just undertake studies on the word “zhǐ (指)”, which can not provide the right answer, either. The form “zhǐ jiǎo (紙腳)” can refer to more than one word. Some of them are fake forms. These words marked by “zhǐ jiǎo” may not be received or collected completely, which is unhelpful for us to understand ancient books.

The peninsula-wide March First Movement in 1919 demonstrated the cohesiveness of the Korean people and served as the opening chapter to a new history; the entire peninsula was flooded with protests for independence, and shocked by their intensity, the Japanese colonial government engaged in indiscriminate suppression. The March First Movement propelled demonstrations to be held as well in Northern Jiāndǎo (“Puk-kando”), situated north of the Tumen River.Thousands of demonstrators gathered on March 13 in Lóngjǐng to read the Declaration of Independence as part of the demonstration. Although dozens of people were injured due to the suppression by the Chinese armed forces (seventeen were killed), numerous demonstrations (currently known are fifty-eight) took place throughout Northern Jiāndǎo. A frontier region, Northern Jiāndǎo was a unique cultural space wherein Koreans who crossed into this borderland formed their own communities; with active ethno-nationalist education and religious propaganda, the region served as a nexus of ethno-national and anti-Japanese consciousness. In addition, due to the frequent exchanges between the Korean peninsula and the Maritime Province, Lóngjǐng in particular served as the cradle of ethno-national independence movements.