Turmeric is known for its ability to enhance immunity via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Salmonella enterica species contain a large number of pathogenic serotypes that are adapted to a broad range of vertebrate hosts. Our previous study revealed that bioprocessed polysaccharides from the liquid culture Lentinus edodes fungal mycelia containing turmeric (BPP-turmeric) is able to alter chicken macrophage responses and increases chick survival against Salmonella enterica infection. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effects of BPP-turmeric on the porcine macrophage 3D4/31 cell line infected with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) or S. Enteritidis. Our experimental analyses demonstrated that BPP-turmeric (i) does not alter phagocytic and killing activity of 3D4/31 against either Salmonella serotypes, but that it (ii) represses mRNA transcription of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α in response to Salmonella infection. Collectively, these results imply that BPP-turmeric has an immunomodulatory effect that represses pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in porcine macrophages, suggesting that it may protect swine from salmonellosis via controlling Salmonella-induced hyperinflammation.

홍삼 제조 부산물인 홍삼박은 항산화 등 생리활성을 보여줌에 따라 건강기능식품 소재로의 가능성이 높아가고 잇다. 본 연구에서는 홍삼박으로 부터 조산성다당체 추출하고 다당체중에서 항산화 능을 보여주는 산성다당체를 분리 및 정제를 하였다. 계속해서 FT-IR 및 NMR을 이용하여 분자구조적 특성을 분석하였다. 산성다당체의 추출은 10%(w/v) 홍삼박 용액을 원심분리기를 이용하여 불순물을 제거하고 ethanol, methanol, propanol, acetone 및 butanol을 이용하여 최적 용매를 선정하였고, 선정된 용매 ethanol을 이용하여 홍삼박 농도별 추출을 수행하였다. 산성다당체 추출 수율(11.95%) 및 양(11.8 mg/mL) 을 비교한 결과 홍삼박 용액 농도, 10%(w/v)를 최적 농도로 선정을 하였다. 이온교한수지를 이용하여 추출된 조산성다당체로부터 가장 높은 항산화 특성을 보여주는 산성다당체는 증류수로 용출 된 다당체이다. 계속해서 구조분석 결과 C-O, C-O-O-, 및 C-H 결합들과 anomeric C-6의 피크가 나타났고 C-1과 C-6의 피크들이 동일한 강도를 나타내는 것으로 보아 (1→6) glycosidic 결합이 존재함을 보여주어 전형적인 산성다당체의 특성 보여주었다.

O/W emulsion is usually adopted to incorporate lipid-soluble bioactive molecules into water-based food systems. However, the emulsion system solely cannot protect the core compound through the storage period, especially in cases when the core is unstable to environmental stress factors. Wall materials such as maltodexrin and chelators such as EDTA-Na are added to improve the stability of core materials but excessive use of additives may be repulsive to consumers. In this study, water soluble fraction of the crude polysaccharide extracted from Enteromorpha prolifera, a type of green algae commonly found in the southern coast of Korean sea, was added to an O/W emulsion system containing retinol to improve storage stability through different modes of action; as a chelator of metal ions, as a scavenger of free radicals and as a wall material. The radical scavenging ability and chelating ability of E.prolifera polysaccharide were determined in solution state. Particle size, zeta potential and retinol retention rate were measured as stability markers in emulsion. Emulsion stability increased and then decreased as the amount of polysaccharide increased from 1 to 5 mg. This optimum concentration is much lower compared to that of conventional usage of wall materials, therefore less affecting the physical characteristics of emulsion while providing effective protection.

To obtain the immunomodulating polysaccharide from chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus sclerotia, IO), crude polysaccharide fractions (IO-M-CP and IO-CP, respectively) prepared from hot-water extract (IO-W) of I. obliquus by EtOH precipitation after MeOH reflux or not. After IO-W was re-dissolved in water followed by EtOH addition in the case without MeOH reflux, EtOH mixture was fractionated into EtOH-soluble (IO-E) and crude polysaccharide (IO-CP). In the meanwhile, MeOH-soluble fraction (IO-M) was separated from IO-W after MeOH reflux. The residue was dissolved in water and was added by EtOH, and then EtOH mixture was also fractionation into EtOH-soluble (IO-M-E) and crude polysaccharide (IO-M-CP). As a result of the macrophage stimulating activity of these fractions, IO-CP and IO-M-CP showed significantly increased cell proliferation and cytokines production than IO-W. Particularly, IO-M-CP promotes the production of IL-12 more than IO-CP. In the splenocytes proliferating activity and intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer’s patch, both of 2 crude polysaccharide fractions were significantly promoted in cell proliferation and cytokines production than IO-W, and IO-M-CP was more potent than IO-CP in IL-2 production from splenocytes and GM-CSF production (10 μg/mL) in Peyer’s patch cells. In addition, immunomodulating polysaccharide fractions (IO-M-CP and IO-CP) prepared from IO-W by EtOH precipitation with or without EtOH reflux showed no significant difference in the chemical composition and component sugar. These results suggested that MeOH reflux might exclude low-molecular weight materials from IO-W and consequently increase the immunomodulating activity of IO-M-CP. Therefore, it was confirmed that immunomodulation of polysaccharide prepared from hot-water extract of chaga mushroom was enhanced by fractionation including MeOH reflux and EtOH precipitation.

본 연구에서는, 전기방사를 위하여 알지네이트와 키토산을 이용하여 알지네이트/poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)와 키 토산/PEO 용액을 준비하였다. 준비된 용액을 10 mL 플라스틱 주사기에 넣고 금속 노즐에 높은 전압을 공급하였다. 키토산과 알지네이트 용액은 고분자 농도, 온도, 상대습도, 인가전압, 노즐과의 거리, 그리고 용액 속도에 의해 컨트롤되었다. 제조된 나노섬유막은 전자주사현미경을 이용하여 모폴로지를 관찰하였다. 알지네이트 전기방사를 위한 나노 섬유막의 최적화된 조건 은 2 wt% 알지네이트, 2 wt% PEO, 60°C, 노즐과의 거리 15 cm, 20~24 kV, 8 μm/min이었으며, 키토산 섬유막의 최적화 조 건은 2 wt% 키토산, 2 wt% PEO, 25°C, 노즐과의 거리 15 cm, 24 kV, 8 μm/min이었다. 복합 나노섬유 제조조건은 노즐과의 거리 20 cm, 8 μm/min, 26 kV이었다.

ASW0 is a polysaccharide derived from the perennial herb Aster scaber Thunberg. We isolated ASW0, a fraction of crude polysaccharide, by means of ethanol precipitation and dialysis after hot water extraction to investigate its physicochemical properties and immunostimulatory effects. ASW0 contains neutral sugar (45.7%), acidic sugar (51.6%), protein (2.3%), and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octonate (KDO) (0.4%). The neutral sugar in ASW0 (in mole percentage) was mainly composed of arabinose (34.5 mol%), glucose (31.1 mol%), galactose (14.9 mol%), and rhamnose (8.1 mol%), which are characteristic of pectic polysaccharides. ASW0 also contained small amounts of xylose, mannose, and fucose. The anti-complementary activity of ASW-0 was similar to that of polysaccharide K (used as positive control). ASW0 exhibited no cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and dramatically increased nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose dependent manner (0.3~30 μg/ mL). Also, macrophages stimulated with ASW0 showed enhanced production of immunostimulatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that the ASW0 have a potent immunostimulatory effect and can be used as a natural immune health ingredient

ASW0 is a polysaccharide derived from the perennial herb Aster scaber Thunberg. We isolated ASW0, a fraction of crude polysaccharide, by means of ethanol precipitation and dialysis after hot water extraction to investigate its physicochemical properties and immunostimulatory effects. ASW0 contains neutral sugar (45.7%), acidic sugar (51.6%), protein (2.3%), and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octonate (KDO) (0.4%). The neutral sugar in ASW0 (in mole percentage) was mainly composed of arabinose (34.5 mol%), glucose (31.1 mol%), galactose (14.9 mol%), and rhamnose (8.1 mol%), which are characteristic of pectic polysaccharides. ASW0 also contained small amounts of xylose, mannose, and fucose. The anti-complementary activity of ASW-0 was similar to that of polysaccharide K (used as positive control). ASW0 exhibited no cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and dramatically increased nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose dependent manner (0.3~30 μg/ mL). Also, macrophages stimulated with ASW0 showed enhanced production of immunostimulatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that the ASW0 have a potent immunostimulatory effect and can be used as a natural immune health ingredient.

Our previous research on sulfated polysaccharide purified from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga found in Jeju island, Korea, showed that sulfated polysaccharides modulate the apoptotic threshold of intestinal cells, thereby preventing intestinal damage caused by ionizing radiation. In this study, we investigated the ability of sulfated polysaccharide to augment restoration of small intestinal stem cells from γ-ray-induced damage. In our results, sulfated polysaccharide treatment increased the numbers of Ki-67-positive cells as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing cells in the small intestine compared with those of irradiated only mice. Meanwhile, exposure to irradiation increased the number of paneth cells, which are frequently associated with intestinal inflammation, whereas sulfated polysaccharide treatment reduced the number of paneth cells in the small intestinal crypt. Conclusively, our data suggest that reduction of iNOS-expressing cells and paneth cells in sulfated polysaccharide-treated mice contributes to the inhibition of radiation-induced intestinal inflammation.

Two fractions (permeate and retentate) from fiber free Aloe vera gel were prepared using an ultra-filtration (UF) system with a tubular ceramic membrane (MWCO of 50 kDa), and their dilute solution properties were investigated. The intrinsic viscosities of fiber free Aloe vera gel and the retentate and permeate fractions that were prepared by ultra-filtration were 18.48, 37.74, and 2.01 dL/g, respectively. UF aloe retentate as a polysaccharide rich fraction exhibited polyelectrolyte behavior showing a sharp decrease of intrinsic viscosity by the addition of NaCl. However, as its NaCl concentration increasing to 1 M, its intrinsic viscosity slightly increased due to conformational change caused by the high concentration of NaCl. On the one hand, the intrinsic viscosities of the dilute UF-retentate solution were exponentially decreased with increasing temperature, and the temperature dependency of its intrinsic viscosity showed a sharp discontinuity at 30oC instead of a linear Arrhenius behaviour, indicating a variation of flow mechanism or network rearrangement of a molecular chain. The chain stiffness of polysaccharide rich fraction at bellow and above 0.5 M of NaCl addition was 0.048 and 0.515, respectively, showing different stiffenings and significant conformational change. The coil overlap parameter and critical concentration of UF-retentate were 3.0 and 0.08 g/dL, respectively.

Two fractions (permeate and retentate) from fiber-free Aloe vera gel were separated using ultra-filtration (UF) system with tubular ceramic membrane (MWCO of 50 kDa), and their molecular properties were investigated. The retentate of UF Aloe gel was a polysaccharide-rich fraction containing about 2.3-fold higher polysaccharide content than fiber-free gel. The FT-IR and 1H NMR spectra of this fraction showed the characteristic patterns of β-binding polysaccharide and a higher degree of acetylation indicating a higher level of bioactive polysaccharide content. The molecular weight and polydispersity of polysaccharide fraction from GPC (gel permeation chromatography) were determined to be 36.8-43.9 kDa and 1.24, respectively, indicating a kind of undispersed polysaccharide. From the SEM observation, the surface structure of polysaccharide fraction had a gel cluster-like structure with a convoluted rough surface. The molecular conformation by Congo red assay exhibited a property of helix structure confirming the existence of a higher-ordered structure as a biological activity conformation.

In order to develop new physiologically active polysaccharides from persimmon leaves, two different crude polysaccharides were prepared using hot water (PLW-0) and pectinase digestion (PLE-0) and their immuno-stimulating activities were estimated. PLW-0 and PLE-0 showed similar sugar compositions with 15 different sugars, including rarely observed sugars in general polysaccharides such as 2-O-methyl-fucose, 2-O-methyl-xylose, apiose, aceric acid, 3 deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid, and 3-deoxy-D-lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid, but the uronic acid content of PLE-0 was lower than that of PLW-0 caused by pectinase treatment. Both PLW-0 and PLE-0 showed potent anti-complementary activity in a dose dependent manner which was similar to a known immuno-stimulating polysaccharide, PSK, from Coriolus versicolor. The activity of PLE-0 at a low concentration (100 ㎍/㎖) was higher than that of PLW-0. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, PLW-0 and PLE-0 (up to 1, 000 ㎍/㎖) did not affect the growth of peritoneal macrophages and Colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells. In contrast, they enhanced lymphocyte proliferation activity. Peritoneal macrophages stimulated with PLW-0 and PLE-0 produced various cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-12. However, PLE-0 was more effective on the cytokine production. Intravenous administration of PLW-0 and PLE-0 significantly augmented natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells 3 days after the treatment of polysaccharide fractions. But NK cells obtained from the PLE-treated group showed higher tumoricidal activity even at a low dose of 40 ㎍/mouse. In experimental lung metastasis of Colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells, prophylactic administration of PLW-0 and PLE-0 significantly inhibited lung metastasis in a dose-dependent manner and PLE-0 was more effective on the inhibition of cancer metasasis. The results lead us to conclude that the pectinase treated process is indispensable to preparing polysaccharides with higher immune-stimulating activity from persimmon leaves.

In this study, we examined immuno-modulatory activities of crude polysaccharides from wild ginseng adventitious roots (WGAR). The crude polysaccharide (WGAR-CP) was isolated from WGAR by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and dialysis. The major constituents in WGAR-CP were neutral sugar (64.77%), and uronic acid (34.32%). WGAR-CP demonstrated anti-complementary activity dose-dependently. The immuno-modulatory effects of WGAR-CP were also analyzed by measuring nitric oxide and cytokines in the supernatants of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with WGAR-CP produced nitric oxide and various cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12 in a dosedependent manner. In conclusion, WGAR-CP may have immuno-modulatory activities by activating a complementary system and macrophages, which produces cytokines.