This experiment was conducted to develop new black sesame variety with multi-disease resistance and high yield potential. A new sesame variety ‘Daheuk’ was developed from Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute in 2009. Cross was made by ‘Whahuck’ with high disease resistance and F1 line of ‘Yoosung’ and ‘Keunhuck’ with high yields capacity & disease resistance, followed by pedigree selection, yield test and RYT by the sesame breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science and Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute up to 2009. The variety showed higher disease resistance and yield potential rather than that of check variety ‘Yangheuk’. Average stem length and the number of capsules per plant were 117cm, 75 respectively. It’s 1000 grains weight was about 2.80g indicating 0.20g higher than that of ‘Yangheuk’, and it’s protein content was about 25.7% which is higher than that of check variety. ‘Daheuk’ also contained total 3.0mg/g of lignan compounds which is lower than that of ‘Yangheuk’. The average yield of ‘Daheuk’ was 97kg per 10a at the national-wide regional performance.

’Dahan’ (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2011. It was derived from an original cross between the F1 hybrid of ‘Sprinter’ and ‘73625’ and ‘Gwiri26’ (PA7507-37). Subsequent generations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Suwon. A line, ‘SO99027-GB-B-113-4-4-3’, was selected for cold tolerance and good agronomic characteristics and designated as a line name of ‘Gwiri75’. The line ‘Gwiri75’ was subsequently evaluated for cold tolerance, earliness, and forage yield in four different locations, Yesan, Iksan, Kimjae, and Jeju, from 2009 to 2011 and finally named as ‘Dahan’. Over 3 years, the average forage dry matter yield of ‘Dahan’ harvested at milk-ripe stage was 15.6 MT ha-1, compared with 14.1 MT ha-1 of check cultivar ‘Samhan’. Though similar in heading date to the check cultivar, ‘Dahan’ had tall plant length and lodging resistance. The feed value of ‘Dahan’ was superior to the check cultivar in percent total digestible nutrients (TDN) and TDN yield per ha. ‘Dahan’ is recommended primarily for winter planting use in the areas where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than -6 ℃ in January, and excluded in mountain area where frost damage is presumable.

The rice water weevil (RWW), Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus are major pests of aquatic rice plant in Korea as well as throughout the country. Larvae of RWW sucking the nourishment on roots, causes a stunted root system and reduces grain yields. To prevent these damages, we constructed various plant expression vectors, which were harbored by insecticidal genes, cryBP1 and cryIIIa, and fused with the actin promoter and/or the modified RCg2 root-preferential promoters for expressing the insect-toxic genes in leaves and roots. A cryBP1 was cloned from Bacillus popilliae, producing crystal toxin against Japanese beetle, and CryIIIa was modified from the δ-endotoxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis, encoding the coleoptera-specific toxin. The vectors containing the insecticidal genes were transferred into Oryza sativa japonica cultivar, Nakdong, by Agrobacterium -mediated transformation method. Several independent transgenic lines were selected by Southern blotting and Western blotting, confirming that cryBP1 and cryIIIa genes were stably integrated into the plant genomes and were expressed in transgenic plants. Upon insect bioassay using RWW, the mortality of insect larvae on cryBP1 and cryIIIa transgenic rice lines recorded up to 41% and 34%, respectively. These results suggested that the transgenic lines can be used to develop Coleoptera-resistant cultivars and could be valuable for later application in crop breeding for insect resistance.

To obtain basic information of diseases resistant degree of Korean wheat cultivars, we investigated the diseases occurrence and examined field resistance of the materials against to the major diseases. Disease occurrence was investigated in southern regions from March to May, 2012. And the resistance degree was tested to 30 Korean wheat cultivars seeded in autumn. After wintering season, Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus(SBWMV) was infected as 29.4% in the regions. The sharp eyespot was infected about 43% in stem base even if it was not showed distinct symptoms yet. Three Fusarium spp. were identified from rotten stem base and root crown. After heading, mainly fungal damage such as powdery mildew, leaf rust, sharp eyespot and Fusarium head blight were prevalent. Around the harvest season, discoloration of grain by precipitation also occurred and which was different infection degree depending on the each cultivar. 14 cultivars as Geurumil, Dajoongmil showed resistant leaf yellowing spot symptoms. In powdery mildew resistance investigation, recently developed cultivars were more susceptible comparing to none or a little symptom manifestation of older varieties.

The genus Brassica, phylogenetically related to Arabidopsis thaliana, is one of economically important crops and a botanical model of plant polyploidization and rapid phenotypic evolution. We established the Korea Brassica Genome Resource Bank (KBGRB) in order to supply basic plant materials for structural/functional genomics and breeding of Brassica. Since the establishment of KBGRB in 2004, KBGRB has supported genomic materials for Multinational Brassica Genome Sequencing Project and collected over 10,000 accessions of Brassicas from different areas in the world. KBGRB has collected seeds including inbred lines and mapping population of various Brassica species, and DNA stocks including BAC libraries and cDNA libraries of Brassica rapa. Moreover, all germplasms of KBGRB have been propagated, maintained, and distributed to the scientists in the world. Currently, KBGRB has collected 11,041 accessions of Brassica species, 33,159 clones for cDNA libraries, and 222,336 clones for BAC libraries, and 1,398 genetic markers. KBGRB has distributed more than 621,345 clones, 280 genetic markers and 6,210 accessions of seed to researchers over 10 countries since 2004. Information and other requests for genomic resources of Brassica are accessible at http://www.brassica-resource.org.

For obtain basic data for application on two-rowed malting barley breeding program, it was investigated that growth and diseases resistance to 353 varieties of Korean(114) and induced(239) genetic resources used in barley breeding in current. Investigated growth and diseases characters were major yield components and viral and powdery mildew resistant. Hopumbori was checked cultivar to comparing the growth characters of the materials. Domestic materials(DM) was superior to induced materials(IM) in heading time. The check was 1st May and 33% of DM was earlier to the date while only 7% of IM was before the date of check cultivar. In examination of late heading-date(late 6th May) ratio, IM showed more late maturity characteristics than DM. The tillering capacity was better in DM as 49% and 23% of IM in spike number per unit area, respectively. 58% of IM showed longer the spike length, while 20% of IM showed more kernel number per spike, respectively, than the check variety. It was a little resistant materials to viral disease. In powdery mildew resistance test, 51 materials showed resistant responses such as no infection or necrotic spots. The related resistant genes were assumed 5 genes, Mlg, Mla12, M1k+M1a9 and M1a1 or Mlg+M1(CP).

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins comprise a large superfamily and play as key in the physiology and development of plants but it is highly likely that more functions for members of this interesting family are still in dark. Thus systematic analysis for this family will be helpful to design effective experimental plans for functional analysis of each of ABC family in rice. To do this, we performed phylogenomic analysis of integrating anatomy and stress meta-profiling data based on a large collection of rice affymetrix array data which provide useful clues to study functions of ABC transporter family in rice in term of anatomy and stress response. Then, we processed Significance analysis for Microarray to identify ABC transporters involved in water stress such as drought and salt. Subsequently, we identified 23 genes showing significant upregulation or downregulation by both drought and salt. Finally, we developed the interaction network mediated by six of them and then integrated diverse data such as co-expression patterns, putative functions and sub-cellular localization to the network and the network was further refined based on coexpression patterns in response to drought and salt stresses. Our analysis will provide molecular basis to study diverse biological phenomena mediated by ABC family in rice, a major model crop plant.

Global warming and climate changing nowadays are known as one of the most harmful factors concerning the yield of worldwide crop plants. To adapt with new challenges, a well-known strategy of plants is water-balance control. Aquaporins are a gene family of integral membrane proteins which play a central role in water transport regulation. By searching diverse databases, we expanded the number of rice aquaporin family from 33 to 37 genes. After that, the phylogenomic data integrating anatomical expression patterns consisting of 1150 affymetrix arrays and 209 Agilent 44K arrays, and stress responsible expression patterns were constructed and analyzed. The systemic overview of gene expression for rice aquaporin family is used to evaluate functional redundancy within this family and identify suitable target genes in response to water stress. Functional gene network mediated by water stress relating aquaporin genes also suggested a useful platform for further researches.

Japonica rice cultivars exhibit high susceptibility to bacterial blight(BB) disease due to genetic vulnerability in Korea. Korean japonica resistant rice cultivars mainly possess one of the genes, Xa1 or Xa3 for BB resistance. These resistance genes are becoming susceptible to K3a, resulting in serious rice yield reduction. This study was carried out to confirm the effect of xa13 gene pyramiding for developing of japonica rice cultivars resistant to BB pathogen breaking down Xa1 or Xa3. IRBB4 conferring Xa4 gene was resistant to K1(HB01013), K2(HB01014), K3(HB01015), and moderately resistant to K3a(HB01009). IRBB5 having xa5 gene was resistant to K1, K2, K3, and K3a. The recessive gene xa13 was resistant to K1 race but susceptible to K2, K3, and K3a. But Xa21 gene is susceptible to predominant K1 race but resistant to other races such as K2, K3, and K3a. Two genes Xa3 and xa13 were susceptible and Xa4 gene was moderate resistant to 24 isolates. xa5 and Xa21 genes were resistant to all isolates including K3a. When xa13 gene combined Xa4, xa5 and Xa21 genes, effect of xa13 gene pyramiding showed higher resistant reaction than that having singe gene out of Xa4, xa5, and Xa21. The order of resistance against 24 isolates breaking down Xa3 gene was IRBB55(xa13+Xa21) > IRBB53 (xa5+xa13) > IRBB51 (Xa4+xa13).

E3 ubiquitin ligase plays a central role in determining specificity of the ubiquitination system by selecting appropriate candidate proteins. Compared with other eukaryotic species there are significantly more U-box protein-encoding genes in plant genome. The rice genome contain 77 U-box-type E3 encoding genes. The 77 members of the rice plant U-box (PUB) E3 family can be placed into 8 major groups based on their domain organizations. In this study, we generate and analyze phylogenomic data integrating anatomical expression patterns consisting of anatomical and stress responsive expression patterns base on 1150 affymetrix arrays to the phylogenic tree of rice plant U-box E3 family. Then, we highlighted 8 genes in subfamilies II (5) and VII (3) of E3 ligases showing significant upregulation in water stress conditions such as drought and high concentration of salt stress. We further developed functional gene network meditated by E3 ligases and refined the components in network by integrating gene expression patterns in response to drought and salt stresses. We expect that our analysis will be a useful platform to facilitate the functional identification for each of U-box E3 family.

A new spray rose cultivar ‘Red Zen’ was bred from the cross between dark pink spray cultivar ‘Dollina’ and orange spray cultivar ‘Alegria’ at the National Institute of Horticulture & Herbal Science. The cross was made in 2007 and ‘Red Zen’ was finally selected in 2011 after investigating characteristics for four years from 2009 to 2011. ‘Red Zen’, a red spray cultivar grows vigorously and has good and big shape. The major characteristics of this cultivar are 116.0 stems/㎡/year in yield, 72.5±7.0 cm in length of cut flower, 6.0±0.1 cm in flower diameter, 22.5±2.5 in petal number, and 11.8±1.2 days in vase life. This cultivar can be propagated by both cutting and grafting. The consumer’s preference of this cultivar is relatively higher than that of control cultivar, ‘Little Mable’.

Pre- and postharvest anthracnose fruit rot is a serious disease of hot peppers (Capsicum annuum) throughout the world. AVRDC has pursued breeding for resistance to anthracnose for more than 10 years and has distributed a number of resistant lines in Asia and Africa. Recently AVRDC has identified highly aggressive isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum that have prompted renewed efforts to identify new anthracnose resistance genes. This study aimed to characterize resistance to specific pathogen strains in an array of newly identified breeding lines, and to validate one simple sequence repeat (SSR) and two sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers linked to the anthracnose resistance locus. Forty-four accessions and two populations (two resistant parents and one susceptible parent, to F1, four backcross populations, and two F2 populations) are currently (Spring 2012) being screened against two pathotypes of C. acutatum collected in Taiwan. Pepper entries include C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, and their inter-specific progenies. Screening methods include field screening, spray and microinjection assays on green and red-ripe fruits, and molecular assays using SSR and SCAR markers linked to anthracnose resistance. Progress will be shared on initial screening results, evaluation of horticultural characteristics, and selection of potential lines for crossing programs.

Use of public tropical lines for U.S. commercial maize (Zea mays L.) breeding is either undocumented or non-existent. A possible exception is the old Cuban line A6, which was still being used in tropical hybrids over 40 years after its development. A major reason for the under-utilization of this valuable germplasm source is the sparse amount of yield-trial data available for most tropical lines. Effective evaluation of tropical, unadapted maize is costly and time-consuming in the U.S. corn-belt, where most temperate maize breeding is done. Thus, temperate maize breeding programs have shown minimal interest in such lines. The narrowness of the temperate maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm base has long been recognized, and there are many available, elite tropical lines that might be used to profitably broaden it. However, there are few comparative yield-trial data by which to choose which line(s) might be most useful. As the investment required for using a tropical line in a temperate breeding program is large, line-choice is critical. Tropical maize (Zea mays L.) represents a valuable genetic resource containing unique alleles not present in elite temperate maize. The strong delay in flowering in response to long daylength photoperiods exhibited by most tropical maize hinders its incorporation into temperate maize breeding programs. The objective of this study was to integrate candidate gene analyses with photoperiod QTL mapping across multiple maize populations. We tested the hypothesis that diverse tropical inbreds carry alleles with similar effects at four key photoperiod response quantitative trait loci (QTL) previously identified in maize. Four tropical maize inbreds were each crossed and backcrossed twice to the temperate recurrent parent B73 to establish four sets of introgression lines. Evaluation of these lines under long day lengths demonstrated that all four QTL have significant effects on flowering time or height in these lines, but the functional allelic effects varied substantially across the tropical donor lines. At the most important photoperiod response QTL on chromosome 10, one tropical line allele even promoted earlier flowering relative to the B73 allele. Significant allelic effect differences among tropical founders were also demonstrated directly in an F2 population derived from the cross of Ki14 and CML254. The chromosome 10 photoperiod response QTL position was validated in a set of heterogeneous inbred families evaluated in field tests and in controlled environments.

A set of nine Korean rice germplasm (KRG) along with the six indica lines were screened under irrigated non-stress and drought stress situations at IRRI in dry season (DS) 2011. The experiment received mild to moderate drought stress. Under irrigated situation, among all lines, IRRI119 yielded highest followed by PSBRc80 and PSBRc14. Among nine KRG, Hanareumbyeo yielded highest followed by Gayabyeo. Yield of Hanareumbyeo was similar to high yielding indica lines. Under drought, PSBRc14 provided the highest yield among indica lines and Hanarembyeo provided highest yield among nine KRG. Among nine KRG, Hanarembyeo provided the highest yield both under irrigated non-stress and drought stress situation. Parental polymorphism was performed with 125 SSR markers taking six KRG and three drought tolerant donors and polymorphic markers and japonica lines background specific markers were identified. The polymorphic markers in the region of three QTLs (DTY1.1, DTY2.2, DTY3.1) will be used for foreground genotyping for QTL introgression and background specific markers will be used for background genotyping. Sixteen rice germplasm could be separated into two main groups, japonica and indica groups by cluster analysis. The japonica and indica groups also classified as two subgroups, respectively. Based on results of screening of japonica lines under irrigated non-stress and drought stress situations, two KRG- Hanarembyeo and Jinmibyeo were selected for introgression of three QTLs (DTY1.1, DTY2.2 and DTY3.1) associated with grain yield under drought stress.

Is backcrossing a good strategy for improving elite lines for quantitative traits in general? Results reported here demonstrate the effectiveness of a backcrossing program for improving quantitatively inherited disease resistance traits, which are strongly influenced by the environment. Through backcross breeding, we were able to improve an important commercial inbred line, FR1064, for ear rot and fumonisin contamination resistance without significantly lowering its yield potential, even with the use of a donor line with poor agronomic potential. Following one generation of selection on advanced backcross-derived lines, gains were observed for the primary trait of interest in advanced inbred generations. Following two generations of selection, we improved potential performance for ear rot resistance and reduced fumonisin accumulation in the 19 selected lines without significantly affecting important agronomic characteristics such as plant height, ear height, or flowering time compared to the recurrent parent, FR1064. The 19 selected lines were also significantly more resistant to ear rot under inoculated conditions than the FR1064 topcross without exhibiting significant reductions in topcross grain yield or other agronomic traits. Several individual lines were identified that were not statistically different from GE440 for ear rot or fumonisin content as inbreds or from the GE440 topcross for ear rot. These lines exhibited topcross yields comparable to the FR1064 topcross, although they were not competitive with commercial check yields. Thus, from a practical standpoint, the backcrossing method was effective at improving quantitative disease resistance in an elite commercial line using an unadapted donor parent. We also genotyped selected lines at DNA markers linked to ear rot and fumonisin resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified in the BC1 generation of this cross to determine which QTL demonstrated allele frequency shifts due to selection.

’Jungmo-2007’ is a new two-rowed barley cultivar developed in 2011 with distinct growth and good quality characteristics, respectively, that earlier heading date, lodging tolerant and lots of tiller, high yielding, and lager kernel size, better grain assortment, higher diastic power and black malt property than those of check variety ‘Hopumbori’. This cultivar was tested the yield and regional adaptation trials for three years in 3 southern regions. The cultiavar was from artificial cross between ‘Prisma’ with short culm length and earlier maturity and ‘Milyang 114’ with high yielding and better malt quality. ‘Jungmo-2007’ showed shorten the stem length to 16% comparing with 91cm of the check, which increase the lodging tolerant. The heading date was earlier 2 to 3 days than the check. It showed larger grain character with 48.5g in 1,000 kernel weight that 45.0g of the check. 97% of grain assortment that is one of the major property for better malting was higher 2% than that of the check. The yield was higher 5% than that of the check. Most quality in raw grain and malt was similar to the check in protein content, germination potential, water sensitivity etc. Especially this cultivar has a higher diastic power as 226WK than 196WK of the check and the malt showed like a black malt appearance. These characteristics could used not for malt for beer making but other processed barley foods.

농업유전자원센터 및 국외에서 수집한 단수수 유전자원 140품종을 대상으로 주요 형질변이를 탐색하여 우리나라 간척지 토양에 알맞는 품종을 선정하고 아울러 단수수 품종육성에 필요한 기초 자료를 얻고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 간척지 토양에서 단수수의 작물학적 생육특성은 간장 175 cm, 수장 26 cm, 절수 9개, 경태 11.6 mm, 생경중 12.1 톤/ha, 출수소요일수 96일이었다. 바이오에탄올 생산에 크게 영향하는 당도 범위는 5.7〜23.5 Brix였으며, 평균 14.1 Brix였다. 20 Brix를 초과하는 고 당도 품종은 Sugar Drip Cane Seed (23.5 Brix), Indiana Amber (21.4 Brix), Dwarf Blackhull Kafir (21.7)이었으며, 고 당도 품종육성에 유망한 유전자원 이었다. 단수수 생경중의 범위는 20〜50 톤/ha 이었고, 평균 12.1 톤/ha 이었으며, 생경중 30톤/ha 이상으로 높은 품종은 Honey (50.3 톤/ha), IS8012 (36.6 톤/ha), Dwarf Blackhull Kafir (35.3 톤/ha) 등 이었다. 주요 형질간의 상관관계는 간장과 수장, 절수, 경태, 생경중, 출수소요일수 간에, 절수와 경태, 생경중 간에 고도로 유의한 정의 상관을 나타내었다. 생경중은 간장, 절수, 경태, 출수소요일수와 고도로 유의한 정의 상관을 나타내었다.

“상백” 참깨는 내병성 다수성 품종육성을 목적으로 모본 “수원 174호”와 부본 “양백깨”를 2000년 인공교배하여 혼합교잡(composit cross)으로 육성한 품종이다. 주요 형태적 특성을 보면 초형은 소분지형이고 꼬투리는 3과성 2실 4방형이며 화색은 분홍색이다. “상백” 참깨의 개화기는 7월 5일로 표준품종인 “양백깨”와 같으나 성숙기는 8월 29일로 표준품종인 양백깨보다 4일 빨랐다. 또한 경장은 150cm로 “양백깨”보다 21cm 컸으며 상백”의 종실수량은 106kg/10a으로 “양백깨” 98kg/10a보다 많았다. “상백”은 표준품종인 “양백깨”보다 역병, 시들음병, 잎마름병 등 병해에 강한 특성을 나타냈다. 그리고 “상백”의 품질 특성을 보면 조지방함량은 48.4%이고 그 중 리놀레산 함량이 46.3%로 가장 높았으며 리그난 함량은 6.2mg/g을 나타냈다. 재배상 유의점은 적응지역 내 고지대의 일조시간이 적고 온도가 낮거나 물빠짐이 불량한 지대에서는 재배를 피해야하고 병해충의 적기방제에 유의하며 예방위주의 방제를 하여야 한다.

트랜스글루타미나제(TG)는 단백질 중 glutamine 잔기의 γ-carboxyamide group과 lysine의 amino group 사이에 acyl transfer 반응을 촉매하여 분자내 또는 분자간의 가교를 형성하여 식품의 물성 변화에 영향을 미치는 효소이다. 본 연구에서는 벼 품종 간 아밀로그램 특성을 조사하여 가공에 적합한 품종을 선정하고, 쌀가공 제품 제조 시 TG를 첨가하여 노화지연 및 물성을 향상 시키고자 보람찬, 드래찬, 한마음, 호품, 한아름, 다산2호 품종 등 6개 품종을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 시료에 대한 아밀로그램 특성을 조사한 결과 호화와 관련이 있는 강하점도는 모든 품종에서 박력분보다 높아 우수하였고 노화와 관련이 있는 치반점도 역시 모든 품종에서 박력분보다 낮아 가공제품 원료미로 다수확 품종이면서 물결합력이 높아 반죽형성이 우수한 보람찬과 드래찬 벼를 선정하였다. 쌀붕어빵 제조 시 박력분과 유사한 경도를 가진 반죽의 물성을 찾고자 다양한 TG를 첨가하여 실험을 수행한 결과 두 품종 모두 TG 농도 1% 첨가 시 적절하였고 품종 간 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 박력분과 보람찬 및 드래찬 쌀가루에 TG 무첨가와 첨가 후 붕어빵을 제조하여 저장기간에 따른 조직 특성을 비교하였다. 밀가루로 만든 붕어빵의 경우 시간이 지날수록 경도는 높고, 부착성, 탄성과 응집성은 현격하게 감소되었으며, TG 첨가 쌀 붕어빵의 경우 저장기간이 길어질수록 경도는 무첨가 시 보다 서서히 증가하여 노화가 지연되고, 부착성, 탄성과 응집성은 느리게 감소되어 물성이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.

Mutant populations generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) have been used for crop improvement and functional genomics. Since pepper is very recalcitrant to be transformed, EMS mutagenesis can be a very useful to generate useful alleles and to characterize the function of genes. We have been developing a mutant population aiming at 5,000 mutants by treating EMS on seeds of C. annuum ‘Yuwolcho’. A total of 4,300 M1 mutants have been developed until now. Among the 4,300 M1 population, almost 800 M2 mutant lines have been phenotyped and evaluated to confirm the effect of EMS. We categorized seven key organ development and subdivided them into twenty secondary categories. Among them, 50 and 72 families have been shown variations in plant growth and leaf development, respectively. In addition, we detected nucleotide variations using HRM analysis in eIF4E and putative aminotransferase genes. These results demonstrated that our mutant population can be very useful for study function of genes in near future.