This study was conducted to investigate the effect of seeding dates on grassland productivity and botanical composition in oversown pasture located in Cheonan of South Korea. Four treatment groups were established based on the seeding dates: 18th August, 1st September, 15th September and 29th September. Evaluation of seasonal changes in botanical composition of pasture showed that the highest ratios of grass in 18th August and 1st September (pasture species 93% and weeds 7%) and the lowest in 15th September (pasture species 75% and weeds 25%). In the plant length, there is no significantly different in 5% probability level. In the total dry matter yield of grass, 18th August (13,362 kg ha–1) and 1st September (13,988 kg ha–1) were higher than 15th September (11,883 kg ha-1) and 29th September (11,459 kg ha-1). The findings of the this study suggest that seeding by early September the most desirable results for botanical composition and grassland productivity in oversown pasture, Cheonan of South Korea.

한남금북정맥과 금북정맥 마루금 일대 식생구조를 파악하기 위해 환경조건과 인위적 영향을 고려해 한남금북정맥 2곳, 금북정맥 5곳의 중점조사지를 선정하여 식생조사를 실시하였다. TWINSPAN에 의한 군락분류 결과, 한남금북정 맥은 굴참나무-상수리나무군락, 소나무-신갈나무군락, 소나무군락, 소나무-신갈나무-굴참나무군락, 소나무-낙엽성 참나무혼효군락, 잣나무군락, 신갈나무-굴참나무군락, 일본잎갈나무-잣나무군락 등 8개 군락으로 나눠졌다. 금북정맥의 경우는 굴참나무군락, 낙엽활엽수혼효군락, 신갈나무군락, 소나무-신갈나무-굴참나무군락, 상수리나무군락, 소나무-상 수리나무-굴참나무군락, 소나무-신갈나무-리기다소나무군락, 소나무-곰솔-낙엽성 참나무혼효군락, 잣나무군락 등 9개 군락으로 유형화되었다. 한남금북정맥과 금북정맥에는 남한의 정맥과 백두대간 마루금 인근에서 폭넓게 분포하는 신갈나무와 소나무를 우점종으로 하는 조사구의 비율이 높았다. 일부 조사구에서 조림된 밤나무와 잣나무가 출현해 과거 인간의 간섭이 있었던 것으로 보인다. 이러한 사실을 통해 볼 때 한남금북정맥과 금북정맥 대부분의 지역에 인간의 간섭이 있었던 것으로 파악할 수 있다. 중점조사지역 중 금북정맥에 해당하는 가야산지역은 해양성기후와 대륙성기후가 교차되는 지역으로 지역적 특성이 반영된 곰솔이 출현하였다.

온대지역에 분포하는 박쥐가 생존을 위하여 선택하는 동면은 에너지가 고갈되는 시기에 직면하는 에너지 문제해결을 위한 적응현상이다. 본 연구에서 온대지역에 분포하는 토끼박쥐의 온도선호도와 동면전략 (동면기간)에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 박쥐의 온도선호도와 동면전략과의 연관성을 알아보기 위하여 박쥐의 온도선호도는 동면기간에 영향을 준다는 가설 검증을 하였다. 이를 위하여 토끼박쥐의 분포를 확인하였고 동면처의 환경특성 및 토끼박쥐의 온도선호도를 도출하였다. 또한 토끼박쥐는 외부 최저 기온이 온도선호도보다 낮아지는 시기에 동면처에 도착하여 외부 최저 기온이 온도선호도보다 높아지는 시기에 동면처를 떠날 것으로 예측하였다. 동면중인 토끼박쥐의 평균 체온은 3.03±1.30℃ (range 0.1~7.6℃, n=179)로 대기온도 (Ta)에 비해 암벽온도 (Tr)와 밀접하게 상관되었다. 토끼박쥐는 외부 기온이 온도선호도보다 낮아지는 11월 중순 이후에 동면처에 도착하여 115~120일 동안 동면처에 머물렀다. 또한 외부 기온이 온도선호도보다 높아지는 시기인 3월 중순 이후에 동면처를 떠났다. 본 연구의 결과는 토끼박쥐의 동면기간은 대상 종의 온도선호도와 외부기온과의 상호작용에 의한 것임을 시사하며 또한 대상종의 온도선호도 및 동면기간 같은 동면전략은 대상 종의 분포 제한 요인으로 작용될 수 있다.

The Korean fisheries industry is a traditional business, the majority of which are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It has played an important role in the South Korean economies in the past several decades, but it currently faces the limitations of growth potential and profitability due to declining workforce, aging populations, deteriorating fishery environments, climate changes, and rapid changes in the global industrial ecosystem. Many studies have suggested solutions for the fisheries industry in macro perspective, but there are rarely any studies taking the strategic approaches for the problem. If it is possible for governments to support the companies that are likely to increase their value-added selectively, it will break through the current situation more effectively. This paper introduces a study on the selection method utilizing data envelopment analysis (DEA) to find SMEs with potentials to increase profits and growth. We suggest selecting SMEs with high management efficiency and ability to utilize intangible assets as the target companies. We also suggest policy objectives for SMEs in the domestic fisheries industry based on the results of DEA analysis and propose a data-based method for the policy decisions.

Invasive non-native species are one of the main threats to biodiversity. Recently, more than 30 non-native species were reported to have established in the four major rivers of South Korea, and introduction of non-native species is gradually accelerating. However, ecological information necessary for prevention and management of non-native species introductions and consequent spread is lacking in South Korea, and especially so for freshwater non-native species. In this study, we assessed eight non-native freshwater fishes established in the Geum River watershed [the Risk Assessment (RA) area] using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK). Receiver operating curve analysis identified threshold values of 24.75 for the BRA (Basic Risk Assessment) and 35.75 for the BRA+CCA (BRA + Climate Change Assessment). Four species, namely Carassius cuvieri, Lepomis macrochirus, Micropterus salmoides and Oreochromis niloticus were ranked as ‘high risk’; whereas, the lowest scoring non-native species was Coreoperca kawamebari, which is not likely to be invasive in the RA area because it has not established self-reproducing populations and its distribution is currently narrowing across the country. The results of this study indicate that application of AS-ISK allows the assessment of potentially invasive non-native species and provides a framework of action for the development of management guidelines for non-native species and the conservation of native species (cf. ecological traits such as species competition, habitat preference, food resources, and reproduction). As a case study for the Geum River watershed in South Korea, it is recommended that additional screening studies should be carried out for the non-native species in the four major rivers of South Korea.

금강초롱꽃(Hanabusaya asiatica)은 한반도 중동부에서만 제한적으로 분포하는 고유종으로, 분포범위가 좁고 개체수가 적어 서식지를 세계자연보전연맹(IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature) 중요 생물다양성 보호지역(key biodiversity areas: KBAs)으로 지정하여 보호할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 maximum entropy(MaxEnt) 모형을 통해 남북한 접경지역 내 금강초롱꽃 자생가능지를 추정하고 이를 바탕으로 KBAs 후보지를 설정하였다. 기계학습(machine learning) 알고리즘의 하나인 MaxEnt 모형은 생물종의 출현지점만 기록한 데이터(presence-only data)로도 생물종 분포를 편향되지 않게 예측할 수 있는 생물종 분포 모형으로, 본 연구의 연구대상지처럼 현장 조사가 어려운 경우 유용한 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 현장 조사를 통해 수집한 38개 금강초롱꽃 출현 위치와 기후, 지형, 식생 등을 측정한 11개 환경변수를 이용하여 MaxEnt 모형을 학습하여 남북한 접경지역의 모든 지점에 대해 금강초롱꽃 출현확률을 추정하였다. MaxEnt 모형 분석 결과, 금강초롱꽃 출현확률이 0.5를 넘어 금강초롱꽃 분포가능지로 분류된 지역은 778km²이었고, 추정된 서식가능지와 기지정된 보호지역 경계를 고려하여 설정한 최종 KBA 후보지는 1,321km²이었다. 또한 11개 환경변수 중 표고와 연평균 강수량, 생장기 평균 강수량, 최한월 평균 기온이 금강초롱꽃 출현확률에 영향을 미쳐, 금강초롱꽃은 고도가 높은 서늘한 지역을 선호하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이와 같은 금강초롱꽃의 분포지 선호도 분석 결과는 KBA 후보지 설정 뿐 아니라 남북한 통일이나 기후변화와 같은 시나리오에 대비한 금강초롱꽃 보존 계획 수립의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is a notorious pest which has caused damage of human life. Recent expansion of its habitat due to climate change has threatened where it cannot live before. South Korea has been exposed to its invasion, alerting early assessment of potential distribution of Solenopsis invicta. The objective is, hence, to predict potential distribution of Solenopsis invicta in South Korea based on climatic suitability. CLIMEX software was used for predicting Solenopsis invicta distribution in 2020 under RCP 8.5 climatic change scenario. Result showed that climates in coastal areas, Daegu, and Jeju island would be suitable for inhabitation of Solenopsis invicta. This results suggested that the risk of Solenopsis invicta invasion might be increased with the current climate change.

Climatic similarity between a native region and a target area is the first step to be considered for judging an invasive risk of alien species. In this study, we compared climate of the origin of Solenopsis invicta with that of South Korea. Match Climate application in CLIMEX software was used to simulate Composite Match Index (CMI) which quantitatively evaluated climatic similarity between two locations. We selected a native city (Cordoba in Argentina) of Solenopsis invicta and compared its climate with the current climate in South Korea. Result showed that climatic similarity is higher in Gyeongsangbuk-do area including Andong and Pohang, When only comparing climate during April to October, CMI was generally increased, but areas with the highest CMI was decreased.

Schizandra chinensis(Turcz.) Bail is one of the local special crops grown in Mungyeong, more than 70% of Gyeongbuk province in South Korea, and various pests are emerging due to recent climate change and intensive cultivation. Scirtothrips dorsalis(Hood) are the most damaging pests among the insects that occur in the Schizandra chinensis(Turcz.), mainly affecting fruit quality, yield and quality. The survey was conducted from February 2017 to September 2018 in three locations in Mungyeong area. Blue and yellow traps were used to investigate the occurrence patterns and the degree of damage. As a result of the survey, Scirtothrips dorsalis(Hood) occurred first in flowering period in May, and then occurred in fruits. The occurrence density was highest in July. It was confirmed that the attractiveness of each trap color was blue in the early stage of growth and yellow in the late stage but there was no significant difference in the whole.

The black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae Miller et Park, is one of the severe pest to pine forests in South Korea. In 1963, a severe pine damage by unknown causes were reported at Goheung region and it turned out that the damage was caused by the black pine bast scale, M. thunbergianae 20 years later. The black pine bast scale have been causing serious damage to Japanese black pine forests in the east and southwestern coastal area of South Korea and its distribution has been expanded. The areas of Japanese black pine forests damaged by M. thunbergianae was 4,043ha in 41 cities or districts in 2017. In males, two nymphal instars are followed by wingless preadult, the pupa, and the adult, whereas the female adult directly emerges from the second nymphal instar. According to recent sex pheromone survey for male adult, M. thunbergianae occur mainly single generation in South Korea with possibility its phenology was advanced probably due to climate change. Until now, the most effective measure to control the black pine bast scale is to trunk injection with insecticides after thinning of a damaged pine forest.

Global climate change and increased international travel have affected the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. In South Korea, uncommon diseases such as Dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus could be transmitted by potent mediator like Aedes albopictus. In order to cope with the risk of mosquito-borne diseases, rapid mosquito monitoring system is needed. Current mosquito monitoring procedures include installation of outdoor traps-mosquito collection-species classification-analysis of disease detection – upload of information to government research institutes – disease alert. In this process, species classification takes a lot of time, and if we reduce the time, we can cope with the disease outbreak more quickly. In this study, we developed automate species classification system target for 5 mosquito species (Culex pipiens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Ae. albpictus, Ae. vexans, Anopheles spp.) disease vector live in South Korea. After modeling the morphology of each mosquito species, machine learning was carried out using DenseNet (Densely Connected Networks), one of the models of Artificial Neural Network. Using the learned model, we tested the classification of 5 species of mosquitoes and showed the accuracy from 97.35% to 99.48% at the maximum. Future research will focus on increasing the number of identifiable mosquito species and reducing the time spent on species classification. The autonomous classification of mosquito species using Deep Learning technology will contribute to the development of mosquito monitoring system and public health.

This study was carried out to predict the current and future potential distribution and to identify the factors affecting potential distribution of 7 plants (Lamium amplexicaule L., Trigonotis peduncularis (Trevir.) Benth. ex Hemsl, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) L. W. Medicus, Taraxacum officinale Weber, Veronica persica Poir., Conyza sumatrensis E. Walker, Hypochaeris radicata L.) selected as indicators for climate change in agricultural ecosystem. We collected presence/absence data of 7 indicator plants at 108 sites in South Korea and applied the Maxent model. According to future climate scenario, the distribution area of C. bursa-pastoris (L.) L. W. Medicus, T. officinale Weber, and V. persica Poir. was expected to be reduced, but the distribution range was to be maintained. The distribution areas and range of the C. sumatrensis E. Walker and H. radicata L. were expected to be increased. The distribution area and range of T. peduncularis (Trevir.) Benth. Ex Hemsl. and L. amplexicalue L. were rapidly decreased. Non-climatic factors such as land cover and altitude were the most important environmental variable for T. officinale Weber, C. bursa-pastoris (L.) L.W.Medicus, V. persica Poir., T. peduncularis (Trevir.) Benth. Ex Hemsl., and L. amplexicalue L.. Climatic factors were the most important environmental variable for C. sumatrensis E. Walker and H. radicata L.. It is expected that the future potential distribution of 7 indicator plants response to climate change will be used to monitor and to establish the management plan.

There is growing interest in the various functions of urban green spaces that can improve urban resilience. Urban green spaces have an important role in wildlife habitat, climate and hydrological control, and recreation and outdoor activities. The connectivity of a green space network is known to control urban resilience by minimizing the disturbance caused by urbanization and climate change and strengthening the adaptation capacity. In this study, we analyzed the social-ecological network characteristics of green space in the city of Jeonju, South Korea. To analyze the ecological network, we defined wildlife habitat as the ecological node and used an index based on graph theory. We defined residential area as the social node, and we analyzed the accessibility of green space from the residential area to assess the social network. The results indicate that the green spaces in Jeonju are highly connected in the social and ecological perspectives on the fringe of the city. However, our founding also indicated that the social and ecological connectivity of the green space network in the downtown area should be improved. This study can be used as a basis for establishing an Urban Open Space Conservation Plan that considers the improvement of urban resilience in the future.

The role played by reservoirs in the biogeochemical cycles of elements is a subject of ongoing debate. Recent research has revealed that reservoirs emit significant levels of greenhouse gases. To assess the importance of reservoirs in monsoon climate areas as a source of methane gas into the atmosphere, we investigated variations in organic carbon (OC) input into the reservoir, oxic state changes, and finally the amount of methane emitted (focusing on the ebullition pathway) in Lake Soyang, which is the largest reservoir in South Korea. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were higher during summer after two years of heavy rainfall. The sedimentation rates of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) were higher in the epilimnion and hypolimnion than the metalimnioin, indicating that autochthonous and allochthonous carbon made separate contributions to the TOC. During stratification, oxygen depletion occurred in the hypolimnion due to the decomposition of organic matter. Under these conditions, H2S and CH4 can be released from sediment. The methane emissions from the reservoir were much higher than from other natural lakes. However, the temporal and spatial variations of methane ebullition were huge, and were clearly dependent on many factors. Therefore, more research via a well-organized field campaign is needed to investigate methane emissions.

Climatic factors are known to be the most critical on estimating potential distribution of species, suggesting that an area having similar climate to origin of a pest may be vulnerable to its invasion. In this study, we selected Leptoglossus occidentalis, a pest causing significant forest damage in South Korea, and compared current climate of its 3 known origins with that of 74 cities in South Korea by using ‘Match Climate’ function in CLIMEX software. Result showed that overall climatic similarity between them was moderately high, indicating consistency of climatic similarity with the current distribution of Leptoglossus occidentalis in South Korea.

Phthorimaea operculella is a pest causing serious damages in worldwide potato cultivation. As climatic factors are considered to be the most crucial on species’ distribution, we tried to compare climatic conditions between a native area of Phthorimaea operculella with cities in South Korea and other areas in Asia based on climatic similarity provided by 'Match Climates' function of CLIMEX software. Even though there is arguing regarding origin of Phthorimaea operculella, we selected Peru and Bolivia as home climate, and compared its climatic similarity to other areas in Asia with application of SRES A1B 2030 climate change scenario. Result showed that South Korea has favorable climatic condition for Phthorimaea operculella. Also, most of Asia except north China and south Russia showed the similar climate suitable for Phthorimaea operculella.

주왕산국립공원의 삼림식생에 대한 식물사회학적 연구가 이루어졌다. 식물사회의 종조성과 서식처의 균질성을 강조하는 Z.-M. 학파의 방법으로 수행하였다. 52개 식생자료가 획득되었고, 출현식물 총 265분류군의 행동양식은 9계급의 변환통합우점도와 상대기여도를 통해 분석하였다. 식생자료의 모둠화 과정을 통해 단위식생을 분류하고, 그 분포와 현존균질도 등이 분석되었다. 4가지 상관우점식생 속에 9개 식물군락이 기재되었다: 신갈나무-애기감둥사초군락, 신갈나무-뱀고사리군락, 졸참나무-둥근잎천남성군락, 굴참나무-털조록싸리군락, 떡갈나무-털피나무군락, 서어나무-털대사초군락, 느티나무-등칡군락, 들메나무-개면마군락, 소나무-가는잎그늘사초군락. 삼림식생의 대상분포가 논의되었고, 표고 약 700 m가 냉온대 중부·산지대(신갈나무-생강나무아군단역)와 남부·저산지대(졸참나무-작살나무아군단역)의 전이대인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 주왕산국립공원의 삼림식생은 종조성의 낮은 균질성이 특징이었다. 결론적으로 주왕산국립공원의 삼림식생은 <지역생물기후구-대구형> 속에서 더욱 강한 대륙성 생물기후환경과 세립질 풍화토와 암편을 공급하는 유문암질 응회암 우세의 지질 환경에 대응하는 고유성이 큰 지역식생이고, 산불 영향이 더해진 근자연림 또는 이차림인 것으로 밝혀졌다.

2016년에 1종이 추가로 보고되어, 현재 한국 연안에는 총 4종의 바다뱀이 분포하고 있다. 기후변화 등으로 한국 연안에 바다뱀의 년 중 서식 가능성이 높아지고 있으나 인적, 물적 한계로 인하여 관련연구가 미비한 상태이다. 국내 연안 내 바다뱀 분포에 대한 정보 및 샘플을 시민의 활동을 통해 확보하기 위하여 한반도의 해안지역과 제주도에 제보를 권하는 바다뱀 포스터와 현수막을 게시하고 제보를 접수하였다. 연구수행결과 2013년 3월부터 2016년 12월 사이 45건의 신뢰성 있는 제보가 접수되었다. 바다뱀 제보는 18건으로 주로 제주도와 남해안에서 접수되었으며, 시기적 으로는 8-11월 사이가 많았다. 총 3종 18건의 바다뱀 분포정보와 2종 13개체의 포획이 가능하였다. 바다뱀의 오제보는 27건이었는데, 육지뱀이 7건, 어류가 18건, 무척추동물과 사물이 각 1건이었다. 자료를 바탕으로 시민을 활용한 효율적 바다뱀 조사방법에 대한 제언을 하였다.

Prediction of the seasonal occurrence and potential distribution of agricultural pests has accomplished by software toolsimplementing species distribution models (SDMs). In this aspect, we used CLIMEX software to evaluate the seasonaloccurrence and potential distribution of Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), which is one of household mothsdamaging dried fruits in pantries. Based on the simulation, the beginning of period for suitable climate was predictedto be from mid-March to end-March, while it might be end in late October to early November. The peak time for P.interpunctella was ranged from early or mid-July to mid-August, but depended on local geography. When applying RCP8.5 climate change scenario, it was predicted that P. interpunctella would not occur due to intensive rainfall in July andAugust in 2060.

생물 종의 분포를 파악하는 것은 진화생물학 뿐만 아니라 보전생물학에서 매우 중요한 연구 분야이다. 최근에는 직접적인 관찰 위주 결과의 한계를 극복하고자, 종 분포 모델을 적용한 멸종위기종의 보전에 대한 연구들이 다양한 분류군에서 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 개체들이 관찰된 좌표 자료와 종 분포 모델링 기법을 바탕으로 한국에 서식하고 있는 멸종위기양서·파충류 종들의 주요 분포지역을 예측하고 이들의 서식지 특성을 파악하였다. 분석에 이용 된 멸종위기양서·파충류는 이끼도롱뇽(Karsenia koreana)과 수원청개구리(Hyla suweonensis), 금개구리(Pelophylax chosenicus), 맹꽁이(Kaloula borealis), 구렁이(Elaphe schrenckii), 표범장지뱀(Eremias argus), 남생이(Mauremys reevesii), 자라(Pelodiscus sinensis)를 포함하며, 고리도롱뇽(Hynobius yangi)과 비바리뱀(Sibynophis chinensis)은 표 본수가 적어 분석에서 제외되었다. 그 결과 고도가 멸종위기종들의 분포에 가장 중요한 환경변수로 나타났으며, 그들이 분포한 고도는 그 지역의 기후와 상관관계를 나타냈다. 또한 종분포 모델링에서 예측된 분포지역은 본 연구의 관찰 결과 뿐만 아니라 다른 선행 조사의 관찰결과를 충분히 포함하고 있었다. 8종의 AUC 값은 평균 0.845±0.08로 비교적 높게 측정되었고, 오류 값은 0.087±0.01로 비교적 낮게 측정되었다. 따라서 생성된 멸종위기종들의 종 분포 모델은 성공적으로 생성되었다고 판단된다. 멸종위기양서·파충류들의 주요 분포지역을 확인하기 위해 분포 모델들을 중첩한 결과, 5 종은 한반도의 서쪽 지역인 경기도와 충청남도의 해안지역 주변에서 공통적으로 서식하고 있는 것으로 예측되 었다. 따라서 이와 같은 지역들을 우선적으로 보호지역으로 지정되어야 하며, 이러한 결과들은 멸종위기양서·파충류의 보호지역을 지정함에 있어 보호대책 수립에 중요한 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.