중국의 조선기술은 유구하고 찬란한 발전역사를 가지고 있으며 세계 고대 조선기술사에서 아주 중요한 자리를 차지하고 있다. 지금까지 조선기술사의 연구경향은 서양 조선기술사에 편중되어 있었기 때문에 중국 조선기술사에 관한 연구는 이러한 결함을 보완 할 것이다, 인류사회의 발전과 더불어 조선기술도 급속히 발전되었다. 송대(960-1279년)에 이르러 중국의 조선업은 크게 발전되었으며, 그 특징으로는 선박의 대형화, 조선기지와 선박수량의 현저한 증가, 조선기술의 제고와 설비의 발전으로 나타난다. 송대의 조선기술은 원명(元明)시대의 조선기술 발전에 토대를 마련하였다. 따라서 교량역할을 한 송대의 조선기술을 연구함으로써 중국의 조선기술의 발전사를 알아볼 수 있을 것이다.

선박은 물을 떠날 수 없고, 항로의 자연환경에 따라 항행해야 하기 때문에 항행하는 해역환경에 의하여 선박의 특성이 결정된다. 중국의 남방과 북방의 해역은 상이한 특징을 가지고 있다. 즉 남방의 해역은 수심이 갚고, 북방의 해역은 수심이 얕다. 중국의 조선기술은 이러한 해역특성에 적응하여 상이한 선형이 발명, 발전되었다.

본 연구에서는 플라즈마 화학 증착법으로 기판에 따른 DLC 박막의 접착력 변화를 조사하였다. 박막의 분리가 발생하기 시작하는 경우의 두께를 임계두께로 정하여 스크래치 테스터로 측정된 임계하중과 더불어 박막의 잡착강도값으로 사용하였다. 다이아몬드상 탄소박막은 실리콘 기판에서 가장 우수한 접착력을 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, 크롬>티타늄>철>세라믹 기판의 순으로 접착력이 감소하였다. XPS, AES 분석을 사용하여 계면에서 결합구조와 결합형태 등을 관찰하여 접착력과의 관계를 조사하였다. 그 결과 다이아몬드상 탄소박막의 접착강도는 막/기판의 계면에서의 탄화물 형성에 영향을 받으며, 계면에서의 초기산화물층에 큰 영향을 받는것을 확인하였다.

rf 플라즈마 화학증착을 이용하여 증착된 hydrogenated DLC막의 잔류응력 거동에 대해 조사하였다. 합성된 DLC막의 압축 잔류응력은 이온 에너지뿐만 아니라 이온/원자 유입량 비에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 조사되었다. 잔류응력의 최대치는 이온/원자 유입량비가 증가할수록 낮은 이온 에너지 구간에서 일어나며 그 값은 증가하였다. 이온 에너지에 따른 DLC막의 결합 구조의 변형을 Raman 스펙트럼을 이용하여 분석하였다. DLC막의 잔류응력은 sp3결합의 net working이 최대가 되는 점에서 최대치를 보이며, 이는 sp3 net working에 의한 부피팽창 요인에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다. DLC막 내의 유입되는 수소는 잔류응력의 직접적인 원인으로 작용하지 않는 것으로 분석되었다.

It is well known that visual cues can improve the motor performance of Parkinsonian patients. Previous laboratory studies have examined the effects of visual cueing to the floor. This case study examined the effects of using a visual cue above eye level on the gait of a Parkinsonian man. It was found that cueing the patient to a target above eye level while waking not only improved the kinematic parameters of the gait cycle but also facilitated a more functional gait pattern with re-intergration of arm swing, rhythm, heel strike and a more erect posture. Visual targeting above eye level may serve as an important clinical tool for physiotherapists treating Parkinsonian patients.

This study was performed to enhance contents of low molecular ginsenoside using steaming and fermentationprocess in low quality fresh ginseng. For increase in contents of Rg2, Rg3, Rh2 and CK in low quality fresh ginseng, a steam-ing process was applied at 90℃ for 12hr which was followed by fermentation process at Lactobacillus rhamnosus HK-9incubated at 36℃ for 72h. The contents of ginsenoside Rg1, Rb1, Rc, Re and Rd were decreased with the steaming associ-ated with fermentation process but ginsenoside Rg2, Rg3, Rh2 and CK increased after process. It was found that under thesteaming associated with fermentation process, low molecule ginsenosides such as Rg2, Rg3, Rh2 and CK were increased as3.231㎎/g, 2.585㎎/g and 1.955m/g and 2.478㎎/g, respectively. In addition, concentration of benzo[α]pyrene in extracts ofthe low quality fresh ginseng treated by the complex process was 0.11ppm but it was 0.22ppm when it was treated with thesteaming process. This result could be caused by that the most efficiently breakdown of 1,2-glucoside and 1,4-glucoside link-age to backbone of ginsenosides by steaming associated with fermentation process. This results indicate that steaming pro-cess and fermenration process can increase in contents of Rg2, Rg3, Rh2 and CK in low quality fresh ginseng.

This study was designed to evaluate antioxidant activity of Curcuma longa L. leaves treated by ultra highpressure extraction. Curcuma longa L. leaves was subjected to 5,000 bar for 5 and 15 min at 25℃ The highest phenolics andflavonoids content was observed in the treatment of high pressure extraction for 15 min (308.28㎍/㎎, 124.33㎍/㎎). TheDPPH scavenging activity was 82.34% at 1.0㎎/㎖ of Curcuma longa L. leaves treated by ultra high pressure process for 15min. The highest SOD-like acitivity of Curcuma longa L. leaves (1.0㎎/㎖) was observed at ultra high pressure extractionfor 15 min (67.54%). The high pressure extraction significantly increased the contents of phenolics and flavonoids and alsoenhanced the antioxidant activity. These results provide useful information for enhancing biological properties of Curcumalonga L. leaves.

This study was performed to enhance contents of low molecular weight ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 using an ultra high pressure and steaming process in wild cultured-Root in wild ginseng. For selective increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots, an ultra high extraction was applied at 500MPa for 20 min which was followed by steaming process at 90℃ for 12 hr. It was revealed that contents of ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd, were decreased with the complex process described above, whereas contents of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 were increased up to 4.918 mg/g and 6.115 mg/g, respectively. In addition, concentration of benzo[α]pyrene in extracts of the cultured wild ginseng roots treated by the complex process was 0.64 ppm but it was 0.78 ppm when it was treated with the steaming process. From the results, it was strongly suggested that low molecular weight ginsenosides, Rh2 and Rg3, are converted from Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd which are easily broken down by an ultra high pressure and steaming process. This results indicate that an ultra high pressure and steaming process can selectively increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots and this process might enhance the utilization and values of cultured wild ginseng roots.

In general, stepwise hot steaming process is known to be effective in improving its biological activities; however, not much employed in processing Codonopsis lanceolata due to its hardness. In this study, C. lanceolata was first pretreated with warm water at 50℃ and 60℃ for two hours, then steamed for 3 hours. Antioxidant activities of 70% ethanol extracts were compared with the extract from the water solvent: 41.58% vs 8.98% of DPPH radical scavenging activity in adding 1.25mg/ml of steamed extract and water extract, respectively. Reducing power of steamed and fresh C. lanceolata were also measured as 1.39 and 0.71. Total poly phenolic of the steamed extract was estimated as 12.11mg/g, compared to 3.98mg/g fresh C. lanceolata. Total flavonoid contents were also obtained as 11.48mg/g, compared to 7.11mg/g of fresh C. lanceolata. In comparing phenolic acids profiles in the extract, in general higher amounts of gallic acid, trans-ferulic acid, vanillic acid were obtained possibly by easy release of active components during thermal processing, which results in better antioxidant activities than that of water extract. This findings can also be supported by result that the ethanol extract showed better activities than the water extract.

This study compared the contents of low molecular ginsenoside according to fermentation process in low grade fresh ginseng. Low grade fresh ginseng was directly inoculated with a 24 h seed culture of Bifidobacterium Longum B6., Lactobacillus casei., and incubated at 36℃ for 72 h. Bifidobacterium Longum B6 was specifically was found to show the best growth on 3,255×106 CFU/ml after 48 h of fermentation. The content of ginsenoside Rb1, Re and Rd were decreased with the fermentation but ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg2 increased after fermentation process. In the case of low molecular ginsenoside conversion yields were 56.07% of Rh2, 12.03% of Rg3 and 77.11% of Rg2, respectively. In addition, compound-K was irregular conversion yield as long as 72 h of fermentation. This results indicate that fermentation process could increase the low molecular ginsenoside in low grade fresh ginseng.

Conventional Thiamine Dilauryl Sulfate (TDS) powder has a low stability. In order to solve this problem, this study was performed to improve the solubility of TDS. The process for enhance solubility of TDS was nano grinding mill and ultrasonic dispersion process. TDS paticle was manufactured to nano size through nano grinding mill process. The size of TDS nanoparticle was measured as average 220 nm by DLS. And The TDS nanoparticle in water solution manufactured through ultrasonic dispersion process. The TDS nanoparticle in water solution was showed the highest solubility with 40% ethanol. These results was increased the concentration of TDS from 200 ppm to 240 ppm in water solution. The TDS nanoparticle in water solution showed diameter of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides growth with smaller than about 1.56 cm compared to the TDS paticle in water solution at same concentration. Also, TDS nanoparticle in water solution showed growth inhibition activity as 59.2% with higher than about 10% compared to the TDS paticle water solution in same concentration. Finally, TDS nanoparticle in water solution was increased solubility through nano grinding mill and ultrasonic dispersion process. Also, the increase of concentration in TDS nanopaticle in water solution according to solubility enhancement lead to an result enhancement of antifungal activity. Consequently, we suggested that the TDS nanoparticle in water solution was more effective than TDS particle in water solution owing to the sub-cellular particle size, ability to persistence and targeting to cell membrane of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Furthermore we expected the applicating possibility with bio pesticide.

In this study, we investigated the cosmetic application of Acer mono sap through an ultra-high pressure process. Exposing Acer mono sap to a ultra-high pressure process resulted in 90.1% cell viability of human normal fibroblast cells (CCD-986sk) when added at the highest concentration. Acer mono sap also showed the hightest free radical scavenging activity after the ultra high pressure process. The melanogenesis inhibition rate in cloned M-3 cells was 59.0%. Tyrosinase was inhibited at a rate of 87.2% by adding 100% HPAMS. Anti-wrinkle activity was 78.1%. Acer mono sap showed enhanced storage following the ultra high pressure process. These results indicate that Acer mono sap may be a source for functional cosmetic agents capable of improving antioxidant, whitening, and antiwrinkling effects.

In this study, we investigated antioxidant activities and whitening effects of Acer mono sap by encapsulation of nanoparticles. Acer mono sap was through ultra high pressure process and then encapsulated by lecithin. Nano-encapsulated The nanoparticles of Acer mono sap showed highest free radical scavengering effect as 89.7% in adding sample (1.0 mg/ml), compared to sap of non-encapsulation. It was showed strong inhibition effect on melanin production test by Clone M-3 cells as 47.8%. High inhibitory of tyrosinase was also measured as 85.8% by adding lecithin nano-particle of 1.0 mg/ml. The nano-particles also showed 14.8% of low cytotoxicity against human normal fibroblast cells in adding 1.0 mg/ml of the highest concentration. These results indicate that Acer mono sap may be a source of cosmetic agents capable of improving whitening effect and antioxidant activites.

This study was to investigate the effect of fermentation extracts on the concentration of serotonin and melatonin in the serum of the ICR mice. The ICR mice were divided into water control group, lactobacillus fermentation solution including (Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum B6) control group, positive control group (milk and doxylamine succinate), negative control group (caffein) and the groups treated with the extracts of Berberis koreana bark (WE: water extracts, FE-L.P: fermentation extracts of Lactobacillus paracasei, FE-B.L: fermentation extracts of Bifidobacterium longum B6). After ten-day feeding treatment, the mean concentration of serotonin for water control, WE, FE-L.P and FEB. L group was 134.72, 183.01, 232.09 and 223.78 ng/ml, respectively. The mean concentration for FE-L.P and FE-B.L group were approximately 66% larger than that for water control group. The mean concentration of melatonin for water control, WE, FE-L.P and FE-B.L group was 76.92, 106.66, 157.56 and 141.81pg/ml, respectively. The mean concentration of melatonin for FE-L.P and FE-B.L group were also larger than that for water control group. Our results indicated that the fermentation extracts of Berberis koreana bark have relatively greater potential to induce secretion of serotonin and melatonin. Therefore, the fermentation extracts have antidepressant effect.