Grapevine leaf rust (GLR) caused by Phakopsora euvitis results in the reduction of fruit quality and yield loss in grape production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of genes related with defense responses in the grapevines infected with rust pathogens. In two genotypes of Ampelopsis species inoculated with P. euvitis, the real-time PCR with RNAs was performed to investigate transcripts levels of nine defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1), β-1,3glutannase (Glu), chitinase (Chi), superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), stilbene synthase 1 (STS1), and resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT). All tested genes were upregulated in YG11030 as well as YG10075, while mostly the expression of genes was higher in YG10075 than that in YG11030. Glu and STS showed significantly high expression in YG10075 than in YG11030. Expression of ROMT was upregulated in YG11030 and downregulated in YG10075 at 24 hours after inoculation. The differential expression pattern of the tested genes seems to be related with the defense responses, considered to be involved in plant-resistant responses against the infection by P. euvitis, and further studies on resistant responses based on the expression of genes would provide valuable information in breeding grapes resistant to diseases.

Once a radioactive material is released from the nuclear power plant (NPP) by accident, it is necessary to understand the behavior of radioactive plume to protect residents adequately. For this, it is essential to measure the radiation dose rate around NPPs at important locations. Our previous study developed a movable radiation detector that can be installed quickly in an accident to measure gamma dose rate in areas where environmental radiation monitoring system is not installed. The data measured by the detector are transmitted to the server in real-time through LoRA wireless communications. There are two methods to use LoRA communications; one is self-network, and the other is the network provided by the mobile carrier. A signal receiver, called a gateway, should be equipped near the installation location of radiation detectors to use a self-network without using the mobile carrier’s system. In other words, the movable radiation detectors we made can function if there should be any gateway near them. The distance capable of communication between gateway and detector is about 8 km in an open area without significant obstacles. Korea has many significant obstacles, such as mountains around most NPPs. Thus, the gateways could be installed in the proper position before the accident to operate the movable radiation detectors without problems. If the gateway is located at a high position like a mountain top, it could cover a wide area. In this study, the elevation database in the area around the NPPs was collected and analyzed to determine where gateways should be installed. The analysis range is limited in the urgent protective action planning zone. The optimization was also performed to minimize the number of gateways.

The Kori Unit 1 and Wolsong Units 1, commercial reactors in South Korea, were permanently shut down due to the expiration of their design lifetime. Therefore, nuclear power plants that have been permanently shut down must be dismantled, and the site must be finally released after removing the remaining radionuclides. Domestic regulatory standards for site remediation should not exceed 0.1 mSv per year based on effective dose. In addition, it is necessary to calculate the preliminary Derived Concentration Guideline Levels (DCGL) to prove that the conditions are met. Therefore, in this study, the input factor considering the geological characteristics of the site of Kori Unit 1 was investigated, and the preliminary Derived Concentration Guideline Levels were calculated and compared with the results of previous studies. As a result of comparative analysis, 60Co, 134Cs, and 137Cs, which are gamma-ray emitting radionuclides, had similar values to DCGL of previous studies A and B. However, 63Ni, a beta-rayemitting nuclide, was 5.94×104 Bq·g−1 in this study and 8.47×101 Bq·g−1in previous study B, resulting in a difference of about 700 times. In addition, in the case of 90Sr, this study and previous study A were derived similarly, but this study was 5.34×101 Bq·g−1 and previous study B was 1.18×10−1 Bq·g−1, resulting in a difference of about 450 times. This difference is judged to be because, unlike this study using only the industrial worker scenario, in the case of previous study B, the resident farmer scenario was mixed and used, which considers the internal exposure caused by ingestion of food produced in the contaminated area. In this study, it was confirmed that DCGL according to the change of geological factors of the site did not have a significant effect on gamma-ray-emitting nuclides. However, it was confirmed that considering the intake of food affects the DCGL of beta-ray-emitting nuclides. Therefore, there is a need to conduct future studies applying intake input factors that meet domestic conditions.

The poor durability issue of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is a major concern in terms of their commercialization. To understand the degradation mechanism of the catalysts, an accelerated durability test (ADT) was conducted according to the protocol established by internationally accredited organizations. However, reversible and irreversible factors contributing to the loss of activity have not yet been practically segregated because of the limitations of a batch-type three-electrode system, leading to the misunderstanding of the deactivation mechanism. In this study, we investigated the effect of a fresh electrolyte on the ADT and recovery process. When the fresh electrolyte was used at every range of the cycle, the chances of incorrect detection of dissolved CO and Pt ions in the electrolyte were very low. When the same electrolyte was used throughout the test, the accumulated Pt ions were deposited on the surface of the Pt nanoparticles or carbon support, affording an increased electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of Pt. Therefore, we believe that periodic replacement by a fresh electrolyte or a continuous-flow electrolyte is essential for the precise determination of the structural and electrochemical changes in Pt/C catalysts.

The Mn-Zn ferrite powders were prepared by high energy ball milling, then compacted and sintered at various temperatures to assess their sintering behavior and magnetic properties. The initial ferrite powders were spherical in shape with the size of approximately 70 m. After 3 h of ball milling at 300 rpm, aggregated powders ~230 nm in size and composed of ~15 nm nanoparticles were formed. The milled powders had a density of ~70 % when compacted at 490 MPa for 3 min. In the samples subsequently sintered at 1,273 K ~ 1,673 K for 3 h, the MnZnFe2O4 phase was detected. The density of the sintered samples had a tendency to increase with increasing sintering temperature up to 1,473 K, which produced the highest density of 98 %. On the other hand, the sample sintered at 1,373 K had the highest micro-hardness of approximately 610 Hv, which is due to much finer grains.

본 연구는 거베라 주산지인 경북과 경남 지역의 농가 재배 및 스마트팜 현황을 조사하고 분석하고자 수행하였다. 조사방법은 2020년 81 농가를 대상으로 대면 설문조사를 실시하였다. 거베라 경영주 연령은 50∼60대가 71.6%로 가장 많았고, 30∼ 40대가 16%, 70세 이상이 9.9%, 30세 이하는 2.5% 순이었다. 거베라 재배 경력은 5년 이하가 37%였으며, 6∼10년 25.9%, 11∼20년 29.6%, 21년 이상 농가가 7.4%였다. 재배 면적은 0.3 ∼0.6ha가 61.7%로 가장 많았고, 0.3ha 미만이 30.9%, 0.6ha 이상이 7.4%였으며, 전체 평균재배 면적은 0.37ha였다. 거베라 재배 농가당 평균 인력은 자가 노동력 2.1명, 고용 노동력 0.8명 이었다. 재배 방식에서 토경 88.9%, 양액재배 농가는 11.1%였다. 국산품종을 전체 또는 일부라도 재배하고 있는 농가는 61.7%였고 외국산 거베라 품종만 재배하고 있는 농가는 38.3% 였다. 거베라 병해충 발생조사에서 병 발생이 많았다고 응답한 농가는 91.4%였으며, 충 발생이 많았다고 응답한 농가는 98.8% 였다. 스마트팜 시스템을 설치한 농가는 12.3%였으며, 설치하지 않은 농가에서 향후 설치할 의향이 있다고 응답한 농가는 76.9% 였다. 향후 경영계획을 묻는 질문에서 현상유지 80.2%, 축소 8.6%, 경영확대 11.1%였으며, 경영 확대를 대답한 농가는 경북 지역이 8농가로 경남지역 1농가 보다 많았다.