The purpose of this study was to determine the difference of the pinch strength according to testing posture(standing and sitting) and elbow flexion degree(0。, 45。, 90。and 135。). Forty normal young adults(male: 20, female: 20, mean age: 22.68±2.91 years) participated in this study. The methods of this study were categorized as follows: 1) One set of measurement was performed on four elbow flexion degrees(0。, 45。, 90。and 135。) in two testing postures(standing and sitting) and all subjects were measured for 3 sets testing procedures in every experimental sessions. 2) Pinch strength in various elbow flexion degree was measured after 2 min rest time, and then each test set was repeatedly performed with 5 min rest time to prevent fatigue of muscles involved in the elbow joint. The result was obtained as follow: 1) In standing posture, there was statistically significant difference at 0。and 45。, 0。and 90。, 0。and 135。, 45。and 90。, 45。and 135。, 90。and 135。. 2) In sitting posture, there was statistically significant difference at 0。and 45。, 0。and 90。, 0。and 135。, 45。and 90。, 45。and 135。, 90。and 135。. 3) Statistically, there was no significant difference between standing and sitting posture in same elbow flexion degree, however pinch strength in standing posture was higher than sitting posture.

진주 근교와 금산, 오석 등의 선충발생 상습지의 건전 식물의 근권토괴으로부터 미 끼 이용법, 원심분리법으로 천적진균을 분리하었고, 또 자연감염선충으로부터 직접 천적 진균을 분리하여, 선충에 대한 기생능력이 우수한 다음 7 균주를 동정한 결과 Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides, A. conoides, A. oligospora, Dactylella lobata, Fusarium oxysporum, Monacrosporium ellipsosporum과 Harposporium anguillulae였다. 그중 인공배양기에서 증식이 어려운 H. anguillulae릅 제외한 6균주의 배양상의 특징을 조사하였던 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 14종류의 배양기에서 건물량과 균총생장 및 포자형성량을 조사 했던 바, CMA와 OMA에서 는 공시완 6 균주의 생장상태가 양호하며 , 부생성이 매우 약하여 일반배양기상에서는 생장이 극히 부양한 M. ellipsosporum도 다른 배양기에서보다 뛰어나, 배양상의 특징을 조사하기에 충분하였다. 균주에 따라 건물중, 균총생장 및 포자형성에 큰 차이를 나타내어 다양하였다. D. lobata는 GPA에서 균멱생장과 포자형성이 특히 우수하였고, F. oxysporum은 SNA에서 포자형성은 가장 우수하였으나 균멱생장은 비교적 양호한 편이었고, CM에서는 포자형성은 양호하였고, 균면생장은 최상이었다. SNA상에서 선충기생균의 건물중, 균멱생장 및 포자형성의 최적조건은 pH5--8 및 20-였다. 이들중 D. lobata와 F. oxysporum의 포자형성 및 균멱생장이 다른 균에 비 해 월등히 우수하였다.

수잉기에 지엽엽초내의 유수를 도열병균포자현탁액으로 주사접종후 목도열병병징발현시의 잠복기간을 구명하였다. 접종일로부터 병징발현시까지 일이 소요되었는데 병원균의 발아, 부착기형성, 침입, 감염이 일어나기까지의 소요일수 약 2일간을 감안할 때 목도열병의 잠복기간은 9일에서 13일 사이로 측정되었다.

Background : Astilboides tabularis (Hemsl.) Engl. is a perennial herbaceous plant, distributed in the northern high mountains of the Korean peninsula and China. It is an excellent ornamental plant currently at risk of overharvesting and therefore, is designated as an endangered wild plant Class II by the Ministry of Environment. Physiological research on A. tabularis has not be reported. Therefore, in this study, using A. tabulari extracts, antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory effects were determined. Methods and Results : The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of A. tabularis extracts were evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of A. tabularis possesses potent DPPH radical scavenging activity (2.90±0.08㎍/㎖), similar to the scavenging activity of ascorbic acid (2.19±0.06㎍/㎖), and better than the powerful antioxidant α-tocopherol (10.60±0.40㎍/㎖) as well as BHA (butylatedhydroxy anisole)(6.12±0.27㎍/㎖). The ethyl acetate fraction possessed a significantly higher concentration of total phenolic (549.70±2.72㎎GAE/g) and flavonolic content (154.58±1.04㎎QE/g). It was also found that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited high reducing power and inhibition of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) formation. Different fractions of A. tabularis were tested for anti-inflammatory activity using LPS stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited a high inhibitory effect on NO (Nitrite oxide) production (22.43±1.06%, 19.30±0.45%, respectively) at 200㎍/㎖ concentration. The mRNA of IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2 gene expression was decreased by treatment with the ethyl acetate fraction. These results showed that A. tabularis extracts can be used as natural substances to control inflammation. Conclusion : These result showed that A. tabularis extracts can be used in a variety of antioxidant and other functional product research and development processes as valuable natural materials.

Background : Phenolic compounds were isolated from the twig of Broussoneita Kazinoki. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic (MS, 1D , and 2D NMR) data analysis and by comparison with the spectroscopic data reported in the literature. Methods and Results : The twig of B. Kazinoki were extracted 60% aqueous ethanol for 3 days at room temperature. The extract was filtered and concentrated by vacuum evaporator. And then, extract was partitioned using hexane, methylene chloride (MC), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butyl alcohol (BuOH) and H2O, successively. The extraction was separated by using prep-HPLC, and the structure was analyzed by Mass spectrometry (MS) and 1H-, 13C-, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC NMR data. Conclusion : These compounds were identified as chlorogenic acid (1), ferulic acid (2), p-coumaric acid (3), taxifolin (4), marmesin (5), 5-methoxy marmesin (6), pinoresinol (7), syringaresinol (8), quercetin (9), broussonin A (10), broussonin B (11), broussoflavonol A (12), broussoflavonol B (13), kazinol A (14), and 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-8,5'-diprenylflavone (15).

Recently, tug boats are widely used for towing a barge which transports building materials, a large block of a ship, offshore crane, and so on. In order to simulate the dynamics of the coupled towing system correctly, the dynamics of the towline should be well modeled. In this paper, the towline was modeled as the multiple finite elements, and each element was assumed as a rigid cylinder which moves in five degrees of freedom except roll. The external tension and its moment acting on each element of the towline were modeled depending on the position vector's direction. Tugboat's motion was simulated in six degrees of freedom where wave and current effects were included, and towed barge was assumed to move in the horizontal plane only. In order to confirm the mathematical models of the coupled towing systems, standard maneuvering trials such as course changing maneuver, turning circle test and zig-zag test were simulated. In addition, the same trials were simulated when the external disturbances like wave and current exist. As the result, it is supposed that the results might be qualitatively reasonable.