Recently, the incidence of cardiovascular diseases including high blood pressure and heart disease has increased with increased meat consumption in Korea. This study was performed to determine the optimal mixing ratio among ratios of 0, 1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 of mulberry leaf powder to mulberry fruit powder based on the anti-inflammatory effects. Then, the quality characteristics of the sauce for meat prepared with different mixing ratios (0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5) of mulberry leaf powder to mulberry fruit powder were assessed. The inhibitory effects of ML2MF1 (2:1 ratio of mulberry leaf powder to mulberry fruit powder) on NO and TNF-α production were superior to those of other mixing ratios. With respect to color values of the sauce for meat prepared with different mixing ratio of mulberry leaf powder to mulberry fruit powder, as the mulberry fruit powder mixing ratios was increased, redness was increased but lightness and yellowness were decreased. The sensory evaluation of ML1MF5S (1:5 ratio of mulberry leaf powder to mulberry fruit powder) sauce for meat showed the highest score with respect to color, smell, taste, harmony with meat and the overall preference. In conclusion, as the mulberry leaf powder mixing ratio was increased, the anti-inflammatory activities were increased. But sensory evaluation scores were increased as the mulberry fruit powder mixing ratio was increased. Therefore, by performing further study, the method to increase mulberry leaf powder in the mixing ratio for improving the sensory evaluation should be provided.

본 연구에서는 쌀 이축 압출 성형 중 반죽 스크루의 배열의 변화가 압출 시스템 변수 및 압출물의 물리화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 스크루 배열 변화시 조리 구간에 배열한 반죽 스크루의 각도 및 길이의 변화에 따라 충진도 및 입자크기를 관찰하면서 압력형성과 비기계적 에너지 소요 변화와 관계를 파악할 수 있었다. 충진도 및 압력은 config. 1에서 고전단 처리가 가능한 config. 5로 증가함에 따라 규칙적으로 증가되는 결과를 나타내었으며, 고전단력이 발생하는 config. 5에서 충진길이는 115 mm의 가장 높은 값을 나타내었으며 압력은 5,748.76 kPa로 가장 높은 갚을 형성하였다. 입자 크기 및 비기계적 에너지 관계는 압력은 config. 1에서 config. 5로 증가함에 따라 비기계적 에너지 증가되었으며, 쌀의 입자 크기는 감소되었다. Config. 5에서 비기계적 에너지 값이52.80 kJ/kg이며 입자크기는 0.22에서 0.28 mm 범위로 감소되었다. 팽화율, 수분용해지수, 전분 소화율은 config. 1에서 고전단력 처리가 가능한 config. 5로 증가함에 따라 규칙적으로 증가되는 결과를 나타내었다. 팽화율은 config. 1에서 1.85를 나타내었으나 config. 5에서 충진 길이 및 압력 증가의 영향으로 3.06으로 증가되었다. 수분용해지수와 전분 소화율도 원재료에서 각각 1.36%, 10.53%을 나타내었으나 config. 5에서 입자크기 감소 및 SME 증가의 영향으로 수분용해지수는 22.08%, 전분소화율은 16.57%로 증가되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 스크루 배열 변화는 시스템 변수 및 물리화학적 특성에 영향을 미치는 중요한 공정 변수임을 확인하였다. 압출 성형공정에서 스크루 배열 변화에 따라 저전단에서 고전단 공정을 제어 할 수 있으며, 사출구 압력, 비기계적 에너지, 압출물의 물리화학적 특성 등의 변수를 결정하는데 중요한 역할을 한다는 것이 이 연구를 통하여 확인할 수 있었다.

Angelicae gigantis Radix (dried root of Angelica gigas) including major bioactives such as decursin and decursinol angelate provides rich flavors and several healthy benefits. Recent studies have shown that ultrafine powders of herbal medicines provide better physical properties and biological activities. Thus, ultrafine Angelica powder was added into the oligosaccharide syrup to provide flavors and healthy benefits in this study. Angelicae gigantis Radix was pulverized into d(0.1) = 3.220, d(0.5) = 7.822, and d(0.9) = 7.817 μm respectively using an air-flow mill. The ultrafine Angelica powder was added into the oligosaccharide syrup process with different ratios of water to oligosaccharide syrup at 1:5, 1:8, 1:11, and 1:14. The physicochemical properties such as viscosity and bulk density were measured. The Stokes’ law was applied to predict the sedimentation velocity of the added Angelica powder in the syrup. The Angelica syrup prepared in this experiment showed good stability since the Angelica particles precipitated down slowly. The ratio of water to oligosaccharide syrup at 1:11 showed the optimal preparation in terms of the stability and the viscosity. The ultrafine-sized herbal powders such as Angelicae gigantis Radix have potentials for various food and pharmaceutical applications.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of water and ethanol extracts from mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) to influence the inhibitory activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and xanthine oxidase(XOase). The total phenol contents and sixteen phenolic compounds were investigated in water and ethanol extracts. In order to understand the factors responsible for the potent antioxidant and antihypertensive ability of mulberry, it has been evaluated for anti-oxidative activity using Fenton's reagent/ethyl linoleate system and for free radical scavenging activity using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical generating system. The total phenol contents and total of phenolic compounds in ethanol extract showed higher levels than water extract in mulberry fruit six phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, narigin, syringic acid, quercetin, naringenin, kampferol) has a higher individual phenolic compound content in the 60% ethanol extraction than 80% ethanol extract. The inhibitory activity on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were highest in 80% ethanol extract (9.0%). Also, activity of xanthine oxidase(XOase) inhibition appeared highest in 80% ethanol extracts and correlated well with the total phenolic content, which was modulated by the concentration of individual phenolic compounds. This result revealed, that strong biological activity was caused by specific phenol compound contents. Utilization of water and ethanol extracts from mulberry fruit are expected to be good candidate for development into source of free radical scavengers and anti-hypertentive activity

Resveratrol, which is both a phytoalexin with antifungal activity and a phytochemical associated with reduced cancer risk and reduced cardiovascular disease, is synthesized in a limited number of plant species including peanut. Resveratrol synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme stilbene synthase including resveratrol synthase (RS). Resveratrol synthase gene (RS3) obtained from peanut, Arachis hypogaea, Fabaceae has been transferred into chinese foxglove, Rehmannia glutinosa by using Agrobacterium mediated transformation. RS t-DNA introduced to chinese foxglove (R. glutinosa L) by transformation and its reaction product, resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucoside was isolated and characterized using HPLC. Also its biological effects was tested in inhibition of the lipid peroxidation of mouse LDL by glycosylated stilbenes derivatives obtained from transgenic plants. Resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucoside isolated from transgenic R. glutinosa L. showed antimicrobial activity of the growth inhibition zone against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Therefore, this compound can be contributed to be useful as a phytoalexin for plant health as well as a phytochemical for human health.

The objectives of this study were to establish the genetic transformation system of stilbene synthase in Rehmannia glutinosa. Resveratrol, which is both a phytoalexin with antifungal activity and a phytochemical associated with reduced cancer risk and reduced cardiovascular disease, is synthesized in a limited number of plant species including peanut. Resveratrol synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme stilbene synthase including resveratrol synthase (RS). Stilbene synthase gene (RS3) obtained from peanut, Arachis hypogaea, Fabaceae has been transferred into chinese foxglove, Rehmannia glutinosa by using Agrobacterium mediated transformation. PCR analysis with RS3 primer confirmed that the targeted gene was introduced into the plant genome, 904 bp in size. Further analyses of identification of transformation using developed other molecular techniques and transgenic plants that RS t-DNA introduced to chinese foxglove (R. glutinosa L) and its reaction product, stilbene such as resveratrol will be isolate and characterize using NMR, MS, and HPLC.

Secondary phenolic metabolites play an important role in plant defense mechanisms, and increasing evidence indicates that many phenolic compounds are important in human health. To date, few studies have investigated the impact of various medicinal plants on levels of secondary plant metabolites. To address this issue, 82 species of Korean medicinal plants were screened to determine their resveratrol contents. Among 82 medicinal plants, 5 species such as Gardenia jasmonoides, Phlomis umbrosa, Rheum palmatum L., Polygala tenuifolia, Rubus chingii HU contained relatively high concentrations of resveratrol (179.75~42.71 μg/g). But, 40 species including Adenophora triphylla var. japonica HARA were only observed low concentrations or trace of resveratrol, and 20 species including Alpinia officinarum HANCE did not contain a resveratrol.

The establishment of an efficient protocol for plant regeneration and micropropagation from leaf explant cultures of Chicory, Cichorium intybus L. var. sativus. is reported. Callus formation rate appeared 100% from explant in all growth regulators, but calli formed in the prensence of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were appeared very compact and non-embryogenic state. The regenerated shoots were obtained from leaf explant cultures on solid MS medium containing different concentrations of cytokinins and auxin. The highest number of shoots (5.7) per explant and shoot growth (2.8cm) was obtained on MS medium containing 0.1 mg BAP L-1 and 0.1 mg NAA L-1 . Indole acetic acid was the most suitable auxin for root formation among three auxins tested. 2,4-D had no effect on shoot and root formation.

Root chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativus) is potential alternative medicinal and sugar crop which accumulates a high amount of linear polyfructan, inulin in its roots. A problem in root production is that over-wintered stock plants often flower. Once the plant becomes reproductive, stem elongation and root growth slows and floral buds arise from every node, rendering the plants useless for propagation. The objectives of this research was to examine the effectiveness of manipulating environmental factors containing photoperiod, temperature and number of leaf states. The experiment was performed in growth chamber to create two photoperiods (8 h, and 16 h) with three temperature regimes (5℃/3℃, 10℃/8℃ and 15℃/13℃ day/night temperature) for a total of six treatments on three type of true-leaf stage of plant. Data of bolting rate, shoot and root length, shoot and fresh weight was invetigated in each treatments. This is the first report on changes in bolting rate and shoots and roots production during a whole growing season and differences in the effect of cold and photoperiod treatment depending on the true-leaf stage of plant.

Using Agrobacterium-me야ated transformation method the auxin-regulated cotton GST (Gh-5) constructs were used to transform Rehmannia glutinosa L. The PCR analysis was conducted to verify transgenicity. Based on the PCR analysis, there was verified that the 988 bp DNA band had showed in transgenic plant genomes in PCR anaJysis using Gh5-1 and Gh5-2 primers. The effects of cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, regeneration and selection conditions on the transformation efficiency of Chinese foxglove (Rehmannia glutinosa L.) were investigated. Factors such as cocultivation period, use of acetosyringone, postcultivation in darkness, and different kanamycin concentrations for selection were assessed. In vitro regeneration, the number of leaves, shoot lengths and numbers on MS medium were superior to on B5 and WPM medium, and the shoot formation rate was highest level of 95% in cultured base part containing leaf stalk. Addition of acetosyringone at concentration of 200μM to cocultivation medium and 3-day of cocultivation improved transformation frequencies. Exposure of explants to darkness for 4 weeks on selection medium resulted in further increased the regeneration frequency of transgenic shoots. In PCR analysis, the amplified fragments of Gh5 gene were detected (988 bp), and GST-expressing transgenic R. glutinosa L. plants had approximately three-fold higher activity in leaf extracts compared with control plant.