PURPOSES : This study aimed to predict the number of future COVID-19 confirmed cases more accurately using public and transportation big data and suggested priorities for introducing major policies by region. METHODS : Prediction analysis was performed using a long short-term memory (LSTM) model with excellent prediction accuracy for time-series data. Random forest (RF) classification analysis was used to derive regional priorities and major influencing factors. RESULTS : Based on the daily number of COVID-19 confirmed cases from January 26 to December 12, 2020, as well as the daily number of confirmed cases in Gyeonggi Province, which was expected to occur on December 24 and 25, depending on social distancing, the accuracy of the LSTM artificial neural network was approximately 95.8%. In addition, as a result of deriving the major influencing factors of COVID-19 through random forest classification analysis, according to the number of people, social distancing stages, and masks worn, Bucheon, Yongin, and Pyeongtaek were identified as regions expected to be at high risk in the future. CONCLUSIONS : The results of this study can help predict pandemics such as COVID-19.

유통 중인 생분해성 합성수지로 만들어진 식품용 기구 및 위생용품 50건을 대상으로 ‘식품용 기구 및 용기·포장 공전’의 기준·규격을 검사하였다. PLA 재질의 유아식기 1 건에서 ‘과망간산칼륨소비량’이 20mg/L으로 기준치(10 mg/ L 이하)를 초과하였고, 그 외 모든 시료에서는 포름알데히 드, 납, 비소 등이 기준·규격 이하로 안전한 수준이었다. 또한 가정에서 유아식기를 소독하는 방법의 안전성을 조 사하기 위해, PLA 재질의 유아식기(n=21)에서 반복적인 열탕소독과 자외선 조사에 따른 이행량의 변화를 조사하였다. 반복적인 열탕소독이 자외선 조사에 비해 포름알데 히드와 비소의 이행량이 많았으나, 이행량은 매우 낮은 수 준이었다. 그리고 유아(만 1-3세) 기준으로 계산한 포름알 데히드와 비소의 일일추정섭취량(EDI)은 최대 6.0×10-4mg/ kg b.w./day 및 1.3×10-1 μg/kg b.w./day였으며, 이는 일일섭 취한계량(TDI, 0.15 mg/kg b.w./day) 및 잠정주간섭취허용 량(PTWI, 9.0 μg/kg b.w./week)의 0.40% 및 10.42%로 낮 은 수준임을 확인하였다. 따라서 현 국내에서 유통되고 있 는 식품용 생분해성 합성수지제는 안전한 수준임을 확인 하였다.

최근 지방정부는 지역경제 활성화를 위한 관광객 유치를 위해 다양한 모양 구조를 가지는 출렁다리 를 경쟁적으로 건설하고 있다. 이러한 출렁다리의 안전관리는 자체 가이드라인이나 국토교통부에서 발 간한 매뉴얼을 통해 관리되고 있으나 실제로는 관광이나 공원 관리 부서에서 관리하고 있어 안전관리 에 소홀한 실정이다. 국토교통부에서는 제3종시설물에 대한 안전점검 매뉴얼 발간하고 안전등급 평가 기준을 강화하여 기존 3분위(양호, 보통, 불량) 평가기준을 5분위(우수, 양호, 보통, 미흡, 불량) 평가체 계로 개정하였으며, 기존 세부지침과 평가기준도 일원화 하였다. 그러나 출렁다리의 경우 제1종, 제2 종 시설물인 교량과 달리 점검 방식 및 체크리스트가 달라져야 하므로 출렁다리 정기안전점검을 위한 점검 수준에 맞게 개선되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 출렁다리에 안전전검에 체계 개선을 위한 출렁다리 정기안전점검 매뉴얼(안)을 제시하였다.

우리나라는 1997년 IMF 위기를 겪으면서 직장 내에서의 가부장적인 문화와 남성을 우월시하는 분위기가 팽배하게 되었고, 이러한 사회적 분위기로 인해 직장 내에서 발생하는 괴롭힘을 직장 내 업무의 일부분이라고 여기게 되었다. 특히 2010년대에 들어 직장 내에서의 괴롭힘 문제가 사회적으로 이슈 되기 시 작했고, 2019년에 이르러 직장 내 괴롭힘 금지법을 시행하게 되었다. 한편 선원은 근로관계에 있어서 근로기준법이 아닌 선원법의 적용을 받게 되는데, 선원법에는 직장 내 괴롭힘 금지 규정이 없어 직장 내에서 괴롭힘을 당하더라도 법적 보호를 받지 못하였다. 이로 인해 근로기준법상의 직장 내 괴 롭힘 금지 규정이 선원에게 적용 가능한지 여부가 지속적으로 논란이 되어 왔 었으나, 최근에 선내 괴롭힘 금지 규정을 포함하는 선원법 개정이 이뤄지면서 선원들도 선내 괴롭힘으로부터 법적 보호를 받을 수 있게 되었다. 이와 같이 괴롭힘 피해를 입은 선원들을 보호하기 위한 선원법이 개정되었 음에도 불구하고, 해당 규정은 근로기준법을 참고하여 개정이 진행됨에 따라 선박이라는 특수한 근로 환경에서 발생한 괴롭힘으로부터 피해를 입은 선원을 보호하기에는 한계를 가지고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 근로기준법상 직장 내 괴롭힘 금지 규정 및 선원법상 선내 괴롭힘 금지 규정의 문제점을 검토하고, 선박에서 발생하는 괴롭힘으로부 터 선원을 보호하기 위한 제도적·입법적 개선방안을 제시하였다.

불법·비보고·비규제 어업은 국제사회에서 인식하고 있는 가장 큰 불법 행위 중 하나이다. 전 세계적으로 어획되는 수산자원 5마리 중 1마리는 불법·비보고· 비규제 어업으로 어획된다고 추정되고 있다. 바다에서 무차별적으로 행해지는 불법·비보고·비규제 어업으로 인해 국제사회가 추구하는 지속가능한 수산업을 영위하기는 점점 더 어려워지고 있고, 이에 대해 심각한 문제의식을 느낀 국제사회는 1990년대부터 국제적으로 통용할 국제규범들을 만들기 시작하였다. 우 리나라는 해양 국제법의 헌법으로 여겨지는 유엔해양법협약부터 유엔공해어업 협정, 항만국조치협정 등의 협약을 이행하며 불법·비보고·비규제 어업으로부터 바다를 지키기 위해 노력하는 당사국이자, 지역수산기구 18개에 가입된 명실상 부한 수산 선진국이다. 그러나 2023년 발표된 불법·비보고·비규제 어업지수에서 우리나라는 9위를 기록하며 불법·비보고·비규제 어업으로부터 벗어나지 못한다 는 평가가 지배적이다. 만약 우리나라가 불법·비보고·비규제 어업국으로 재지 정되어 국제사회에서 각종 제재를 받는다면 국제사회에서의 수산 강국으로서 의 위신은 추락할 것이고, 우리나라 국가 경쟁력 또한 하락하여 대내외적으로 수산업에 큰 타격이 있을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 국제사회가 요구하는 불법·비보고·비규제 어업의 규제 중점사항은 무엇이고, 우리나라가 시행하고 있는 규제 방안과 비교하여 문제점 과 개선할 점이 있는지 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이러한 필요성을 바탕으로 국제사 회에서 추구하는 지속가능한 수산업을 이행하기 위해 시행하는 다양한 법적, 제도적 장치를 우리나라가 해양·수산 강국이라는 명성에 맞게 대응할 수 있도 록 법제도 개선 방안을 제시하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다.

In this study, we investigated the vertical distribution and vascular plants on Joryeongsan Mountain in Baekdudaegan, Korea. The results of four field surveys from April to September 2023 identified a total of 552 taxa, representing 491 species, ten subspecies, 43 varieties, six forms, and two hybrids in 314 genera and 101 families. The elevational distribution ranges of 360 taxa of vascular plants were also identified. Among them, 19 taxa were endemic to Korea, and two taxa were rare plants. The floristic target plants amounted to 100 taxa, specifically two taxa of grade V, seven taxa of grade IV, 25 taxa of grade III, 33 taxa of grade II, and 33 taxa of grade I. Seventy-eight taxa were northern lineage plants. In all, 29 taxa of alien plants were recorded in the investigated area, with a naturalized index of 5.3% and an urbanization index of 7.4%. Two plants disturbed the ecosystem. Species richness along the elevation showed a reversed doublehump shape with peaks at low, mid, and high elevations. The results of a cluster analysis showed a high degree of similarity between adjacent elevation sections, except in lowlands. Detrended Correspondence Analysis ordination also supported distinct groups by elevation. Warmth index values ranged from 62.1ºC·month to 92.9ºC·month on Joryeongsan Mountain. Our results provide primary data on vascular plants and valuable information on the current distribution ranges of plant species on Joryeongsan Mountain. These data could serve as a baseline for comparing species shifts at elevations under future climate changes.

This study was conducted to investigate the flora of Sonjukdo Island (Yeosu-si), Korea. From results of four field surveys from April 2023 to October 2023, we identified 483 total taxa, representing 440 species, seven subspecies, 35 varieties, and one hybrid. They were placed in 322 genera and 109 families, including 249 taxa newly recorded in this study. Among them, four taxa were endemic to Korea, four taxa were IUCN red list plants, and 22 taxa were climate sensitive indicator plants. Floristic target plants amounted to 99 taxa, including two taxa of grade IV, 41 taxa of grade III, 10 taxa of grade II, and 46 taxa of grade I. A total of 54 taxa of alien plants were identified, with a Naturalized Index of 11.2% and an Urbanization Index of 13.8%. Three plants disturbed the ecosystem. The flora of this surveyed area belongs to the south-coast province among floral provinces of the Korean Peninsula. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants flora, plant species diversity, and distributional changes.

PURPOSES : In this study, the applicability of the water content, suction, and suction stress in a resilient modulus prediction model for a subbase was reviewed. METHODS : To compare the applicability of water content, suction, and suction stress models for resilient modulus prediction, the suction stress was determined based on the soil water characteristic curve. The model parameters for each approach were derived from the measured resilient moduli. Finally, the relationships between the degree of saturation and resilient modulus were analyzed using the calculated model parameters. RESULTS : Prediction models of the resilient modulus based on water content and suction demonstrated high correlation with measured values, but overestimated the resilient modulus at saturation levels beyond the laboratory testing range. In contrast, the model accounting for suction stress effectively reduced this overestimation, likely owing to a decrease in suction stress as the suction increased. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the above results, the resilient modulus of subbase materials could be estimated through the change in the degree of saturation and the stress-dependent resilient modulus model using the suction stress proposed in this study.

PURPOSES : In this study, an empirical approach was established to estimate the parameters of the resilient modulus based on various geotechnical properties of subgrade soils. METHODS : Multiple regression analyses were performed to analyze the relationship between resilient modulus (k1) and deformation. The most important factors are the #200 sieve passing ratio, moisture content, and dry unit weight of the soil. The applicability of this approach was verified using selected field data and the literature. RESULTS : The correlation between the results predicted using the prediction equation of the model constant (k1) and the actual k1-value was high. The applicability of the prediction equation was considered high owing to its high suitability with the existing data. The range of values obtained using the constant prediction equation of the proposed model was also judged to be reasonable. In the comparison of the CBR value of the subgrade material of the actual design section and the predicted elastic modulus (k1), almost no relationship was observed between the CBR and the model coefficient (k1). Thus, the estimation of the elastic modulus through CBR is likely to contain errors. CONCLUSIONS : Based on these results, the parameters of the universal model can be predicted using the stress-dependent modulus model proposed in this study.

Understanding the behavior of soil under cyclic loading conditions is essential for assessing its response to seismic events and potential liquefaction. This study investigates the effect of non-plastic fines content (FC) on excess pore pressure generation in medium-density sand-silt mixtures subjected to strain-controlled cyclic direct simple shear (CDSS) tests. The investigation is conducted by analyzing excess pore pressure (EPP) ratios and the number of cycles to liquefaction (Ncyc-liq) under varying shear strain levels and FC values. The study uses Jumunjin sand and silica silt with FC values ranging from 0% to 40% and shear strain levels of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. The findings indicate that the EPP ratio increases rapidly during loading cycles, with higher shear strain levels generating more EPP and requiring fewer cycles to reach liquefaction. At 1.0% and 0.5% shear strain levels, FC has a limited effect on Ncyc-liq. However, at a lower shear strain level of 0.2%, increasing FC from 0 to 10% reduces Ncyc-liq from 42 to 27, and as FC increases further, Ncyc-liq also increases. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the behavior of soil under cyclic loading conditions. It highlights the significance of shear strain levels and FC values in excess pore pressure generation and liquefaction susceptibility.

본 연구는 정향, 황련 추출물을 혼합하여 Malassezia furfur에 대한 항균 능력을 확인하고 최 적의 혼합물을 만들어 항산화 및 항염증 능력을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 정향과 황련을 70% 에탄올, 100% 메탄올, 열수로 추출하여 항균 능력을 평가하여 정향은 100% 메탄올 추출물, 황련은 열수 추출 물이 가장 항균 능력이 높은 것을 확인하였다. 또한 두 추출물을 혼합하여 비율별로 항균 능력을 평가 하였을 때 9:1 비율이 가장 우수한 활성을 보였고 혼합물의 항산화 활성이 뛰어남을 확인하였다. Raw 264.7 세포에서 생존율에 영향을 미치지 않는 1, 10, 50, 100 μg/mL에서 LPS를 이용하여 염증 반응을 유도하고 항염증 활성을 확인한 결과 10, 50, 100 μg/mL에서 No 생성 저해율과 IL-6 발현 저해율 및 COX2, iNOS 단백질 발현 저해 활성이 뛰어남을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 정향 메탄올 추출물 및 황련 열수 추출물의 혼합물은 항균, 항염증 효능이 뛰어나기에 기능성 화장품의 천연 소재로써 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

The effects of annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Si alloys fabricated by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) were investigated. The HEBM-free sintered alloy primarily contained Mg2Si, Q-AlCuMgSi, and Si phases. Meanwhile, the HEBM-sintered alloy contains Mg-free Si and θ-Al2Cu phases due to the formation of MgO, which causes Mg depletion in the Al matrix. Annealing without and with HEBM at 500oC causes partial dissolution and coarsening of the Q-AlCuMgSi and Mg2Si phases in the alloy and dissolution of the θ-Al2Cu phase in the alloy, respectively. In both alloys, a thermally stable α-AlFeSi phase was formed after long-term heat treatment. The grain size of the sintered alloys with and without HEBM increased from 0.5 to 1.0 μm and from 2.9 to 6.3 μm, respectively. The hardness of the sintered alloy increases after annealing for 1 h but decreases significantly after 24 h of annealing. Extending the annealing time to 168 h improved the hardness of the alloy without HEBM but had little effect on the alloy with HEBM. The relationship between the microstructural factors and the hardness of the sintered and annealed alloys is discussed.

폴리에틸렌 글라이콜 다이아크릴레이트 (polyethylene glycol diacrylate, PEGDA) 하이드로젤을 정삼투 (forward osmosis, FO) 분리막의 지지체로 사용하여 고성능의 FO 분리막을 제조하였다. 친수성의 PEGDA를 자외선 조사를 통한 중합 과 그에 따른 상분리를 이용하여 다공성으로 구조화하였고, 매우 높은 친수성을 가진 하이드로젤 지지체를 얻을 수 있었다. 제조된 친수성 PEGDA 지지체 위에 높은 수투과도와 염 선택도를 확보하기 위해서 일반적인 계면중합 방식이 아닌 톨루엔 을 유기 용매로 사용한 계면중합 방식(TIP)으로 선택층을 도입하였다. 제조된 PEGDA 지지체 기반 분리막은 1.0 M NaCl 유 도 용액과 증류수 유입수를 통한 FO 성능 측정에서 상용 HTI 분리막들에 비해서 매우 높은 수투과도와 낮은 염 선택도를 나 타내었다. 본 연구를 통해, 기존의 소수성 지지체를 추가적으로 개질하는 방식이 아닌 새로운 물질과 제조방식을 사용한 FO 지지체의 가능성을 제시하고자 한다.

This study was performed to investigate immune changes by comparing the proportion and function of immune cells in the blood under high-temperature period and convalescence temperature period in Holstein dairy cows. The experiment was conducted using Holstein dairy cows of five animals per group (60 ± 20 months old, 175 ± 78 non-day) from the National Institute of Animal Science at high-temperature period (THI: 76 ± 1.2) and convalescence temperature period (THI: 66 ± 1.3). Complete blood count results showed no change in the number of immune cells between groups. In the analysis using Flow Cytometry of PBMCs, no significant differences were observed among B cells, Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and γδ T cells between groups. However, there was an increase in Th17 cells producing IL-17a, while Th1 cells decreased during the convalescence temperature period. The results of gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR in PBMCs revealed an increase in IL-10 during the convalescence temperature period, while a decrease in HSP70 and HSP90 was observed. In conclusion, the increased expression of IL-10 and the decrease in HSP expression suggest the possibility of a weak recovery from heat stress. However, the lack of observed changes in B cells, T cells, and other immune cells indicates incomplete recovery from heat stress during the convalescence temperature period.

This study aimed to apply rice flour Baromi 2 (B2) varieties developed by the Rural Development Administration in low-sugar baguette products. To achieve this, baguettes were produced using B2 at 10%, 20%, and 30% levels. As the content of B2 increased, the mixing time decreased, and the dough became sticky. Additionally, the dough fermentation ability was reduced. The finished products showed no significant difference in the external structure with varying B2 contents. However, the crust color containing B2 was darker than that of the control. In color value, the L* value decreased as the amount of added B2 increased, while the a* value and b* value increased. Furthermore, the sensory evaluation revealed that baguettes with a higher amount of B2 had a softer crumb and a crunchy crust, and with 20% substituted for B2, the sample obtained the highest score. From these results, it has been determined that B2 can substitute for up to 20% of wheat flour in bakery products.

This study investigates the influence of the type of lipid phase (corn oil [CO], palm oil [PO], MCT oil [MO], lemon oil [LO]) on the physical characteristics and bioactive peptide (BP) encapsulation in food-grade water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions. The stabilities of the double emulsions were analyzed for droplet size characteristics, viscosity, dynamic rheological properties, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and release rate of BP (at different temperatures: 4, 25, 37, and 60oC) for 28 days. The encapsulated BP acts as an active substance in the osmotic balance and destabilization of the double emulsion system. For the effect of the oil phase, double emulsions prepared with PO showed the best droplet stability without phase separation (D50 < 1 m) and high BP retention (EE > 60%). In the release rate at high temperatures (60oC), the BP released from double emulsions was in the order of MO > CO > LO > PO over time. In contrast, the BP release from double emulsions at low temperatures (< 37oC) had no difference depending on the oil type. Therefore, the information obtained from this work is useful for preparing stable, functional food or cosmetic products from double emulsions using a BP.

This study focuses on heat-induced gelation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) proteins to assess the potential of pea protein aggregates (PPA) as novel plant-based meat alternatives. The microstructural (SEM, CLSM), mechanical (TPA analysis), and rheological properties (G', G'') of heat-induced gels at pH 2 were systematically investigated as a function of a different pea protein concentration (7.5, 10, 12.5%) and a varying heating time (1, 3, 6, 16 h). The result showed that PPA formation at higher protein concentration and heating time contributed to a homogenous and compact heat-induced gel formation. Such gel network strengthened mechanical properties in terms of high gel hardness (40 g) and elastic texture (2.7 mm springiness). For the rheological studies, the storage modulus (G') showed an increase during both the heating and cooling phases and then stabilized during the cooled-holding phase. This suggested that the formation of durable and stable gel was induced due to the decreased mobility of protein aggregates at low temperatures. Therefore, the PPA is indicated as a potential additive for enhancing the food texture quality in the plant-based meat food industry.