This study is carried out to develop the new process for the fabrication of ultra-fine electrodes on the flexible substrates using superhydrophobic effect. A facile method was developed to form the ultra-fine trenches on the flexible substrates treated by plasma etching and to print the fine metal electrodes using conductive nano-ink. Various plasma etching conditions were investigated for the hydrophobic surface treatment of flexible polyimide (PI) films. The micro-trench on the hydrophobic PI film fabricated under optimized conditions was obtained by mechanical scratching, which gave the hydrophilic property only to the trench area. Finally, the patterning by selective deposition of ink materials was performed using the conductive silver nano-ink. The interface between the conductive nanoparticles and the flexible substrates were characterized by scanning electron microscope. The increase of the sintering temperature and metal concentration of ink caused the reduction of electrical resistance. The sintering temperature lower than resulted in good interfacial bonding between Ag electrode and PI film substrate.

This paper describes the manufacturing process of tilting pad gas bearing with a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 0.5-1 mm for power MEMS (Micro Electomechanical Systems) applications. The bearing compacts with nanopowder feedstock were prepared by Ni-metal mold with 2-mold system using LIGA process. The effect of the manufacturing conditions on sintering properties of nanopowder gas bearing was investigated. In this work, Fe-45 wt%Ni nanopowder with an average diameter of 30-50 nm size was used as starting material. After mixing the nanopowder and the wax-based binders, the amount of powder was controlled to obtain the certain mixing ratio. The nanopowder bearing compacts were sintered with 1-2 hr holding time under hydrogen atmospheres and under temperatures of to . Finally, the critical batch of mixed powder system was found to be 70% particle fraction in total volume. The maximum density of the sintered bearing specimen was about 94% of theoretical density.

전남 영암지역에서 배 개화기간 동안 냉해 피해를 막기 위한 대책으로 미세살수 처리 또는 온풍기를 수체로부터 5, 10,25, 40 m로 거리를 달리해서 3 m 지상부에서 설치하여 개화기간 중 3oC 미만으로 떨어진 야간부터 다음날 오전까지 12시간 동안 작동하여 냉해피해 경감효과를 구명한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 온풍기와 미세살수 처리 결과 과원의 온도변화는 미세살수 처리에서 가장 높게 유지되었으며, 온풍기 가동 지점으로부터 25 m 거리까지는 대조구에 비해 온도가 높게 나타났으나 40 m 지점에서는 대조구와 차이가 없었다. 2. 화서별 냉해피해율과 평균 착과수는 미세살수 처리에서효과가 가장 좋았으며, 온풍기 처리에 따른 온도 변화와 유사한 경향으로 거리가 가까울수록 피해율은 낮고, 평균 착과수는 높았다. 3. 정형과 비율과 평균 착과 간격은 온풍기 가동 지점에서 멀어질수록 낮았으며 40m 지점에서는 대조구와 차이가 없었다.

균일하고 치밀한 미세구조를 갖는 Pd박막이 PdCl2를 사용하는 전기도금방법으로 제조되었다. 본 연구에서는 도금온도와 전류밀도가 주요 공정변수로서 고려되었고 이에 따른 음극효율 및 제조된 Pd도금막의 결정성, 형상 및 경도 등의 특성이 측정되었고, 이들간의 상호관계성이 검토되었다. 연구결과에 따르면, PdCl2를 사용하는 본 Pd전기도금 시스템에서는 50˚C와 5mA/cm2의 조건이 도금막의 형상으로 볼 때, 최적의 도금조건이라고 간주된다. 최적 조건에서 제조된 Pd도금막의 경도는 약 600kg/mm2이었다. 변수 및 특성간의 관계성 검토 결과, Pd막의 경도는 미세구조에 의해 큰 영향을 받지만, 결정의 배향성과의 연관성은 작은 것으로 해석된다.

솔-제법에 의한 고분자솔 제조를 위하여 금속 알콕사이드에 β-diketonate(DKT)기의 유기 리간드를 치환시켜 만든 전구체를 합성한 결과, 가수분해와 축합 반응의 속도 조절이 가능하였고, 이를 이용하여 코팅에 적합한 nm단위의 입자 크기를 갖는 알루미나, 티타니아 솔을 제조하고 그 물성을 파악하였다. 코팅에 적합한 알루미나 솔의 최적조건은 알콕사이드 1몰당 물 1몰, 산 0.3-0.4몰이었다. 티타니아 솔의 제조시는 물/알콕사이드의 몰비가 1이고, 산의 양은 치환수에 따라 달라 1개와 2개 치환된 전구체의 경우 1목의 알콕사이드당 각각 0.25, 0.20몰 이하였다. Dynamic light scattering 장치를 이용하여 제조한 솔의 평균 입자 크기를 측정한 결과 수 nm단위의 미세한 입자를 갖고 있었다. 슬라이드 글라스 위에 코팅하여 450˚C에서 소결한 막을 SEM으로 관찰한 결과 알루미나와 타타니아의 경우 각각 4-4.5μ m, 2-2.5μ m두께의 매끄럽고 균열이 없는 막이 형성되었음을 알 수 있었다. 이때의 입자 크기는 TEM사진을 통하여 알 수 있었으며 티타니아의 경우 수 nm에서 최대 30nm, 알루미나는 1-2nm이하 심지어 수 Å정도의 입자들로 이루어졌음을 관찰하였다. 또한 회절무늬 분석 결과 알루미나는 γ구조, 티타니아는 anastase결정임을 알 수 있었다.

This experiment was carried out to determine optimal concentration of organic liquids for the improvement of antioxidant in pepper. As human beings enter the age of 100, they are naturally recognized as a standard of high quality agricultural products for safety and improvement of functional materials. Tomatoes are among the most consumed vegetables in the world and there is a growing interest in varieties with high functional content. However, there is a limit to the improvement of functional materials of certain varieties, so it is necessary to study the improvement of materials by cultivation physiology and environmental conditions. The test material was sown on March 15th in Wanju province and on June 15th in rain shelter house using pepper “suppermanidda” varieties. To investigate the optimum concentration of organic liquids for the improvement of antioxidant, 15 kinds of treatments were carried out including control, tomato liquid fertilizer etc. The liquid fertilizer of organic material was treated with 6 times of irrigation, and the analysis of nutrients and antioxidant was done by harvesting pepper on the September 10th. The contents of beta-carotene was increased in the T3, T4, T12 treatments, vitamin C was in the P14 treatments, flavonoid, polyphenol were in the P12 treatment compared to the control. In T12 treatment, flavonoid increased by 115.9%, polyphenol by 121.7%, beta-carotene by 117.2% and vitamin C by 136.1% compared to the control. There was no significant difference in the growth characteristics and characteristics of pepper fruit of pepper according to liquid fertilizer treatment. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the organic antioxidant is affected by the liquid fertilizer treatments of organic materials and it is necessary to study the environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture and photosynthesis.

This experiment was carried out to determine the optimal concentration of agricultural organic materials using sulfur and oil for the insect pest control in pepper and cherry tomato cultivation. The control value of aphids and Oriental tobacco budworm (OTB) was examined one day after spraying with sulfur preparation (SP) (0.33~0.17%), oil preparations (OP) (2.00~0.33%), SP+OP, OP+ginkgo leaf extracts (GLE), SP+OP+GLE on the “Super Manidaa”pepper. The aphid control in pepper was complete by applications of SP+OP (0.25+1.00%) in the early growth stage and the control value was above 98.1% by the application of OP+GLE (1.00+1.00 %), SP+OP+GLE (0.25+1.0+1%), SP+OP+GLE (0.25+1.0+0.5%) in the middle to late growth stage while showing 0% in the control treatment. The OTB was completely controlled by the 3 times application with the high concentration of SP+OP (0.25+1.00%) in pepper cultivation. This result indicates that the oil and the sulfur preparations should be applied at low concentration before insect pests do not appeared, and then sprayed at the high concentration after they appear at pepper plant. The greenhouse whitefly in ‘Minichal’ tomatoes was completely controlled by three times application of SP (0.25~0.33), OP (1.0~2.00%). and all the treatment of SP+OP. However, continuous control with intervals of 1~3 days was considered favorable in the tomato plant. By the periodical control with agricultural organic materials using sulfur and oil, the greenhouse whitefly, which is a high-temperature insect pest, several moths of OTB did not occur at all. In conclusion, SP+OP (0.17%+0.33%) treatment was the most economical combination to control the aphid, OTB, and greenhouse whitefly in pepper and tomato cultivation when considering operating cost. In addition, we recommend that SP should not be sprayed on the plant shoots during the day time from July to August because of high temperature.

This study takes shear wall of reinforced concrete structure as study object, and the purpose of this study is to suggest structure BIM based on automatic reinforcing bar placement system applying set-based design through the most optimum reinforcing bar placement group that was selected by applying AHP (analytical hierarchy process) method from design step. For this, the most optimum reinforcing bar placement group was selected by pairwise comparison analysis on complex standard of multiple alternatives. And shear wall automatic reinforcing bar placement system has been developed, which can automatically generate members and arrange reinforcing bar by structure design algorithm and using open API (application programming interface) provided by a BIM software vendor. As a result, the most optimum reinforcing bar placement group of the highest weight, ALT1, was selected and was generated using Tekla Structure program.

본 연구는 순환굵은골재 콘크리트의 활용성 증대 및 규준 정립에 관한 연구의 일환으로 순환굵은골재 치환율에 따른 고강도 철근콘크리트 보의 휨 특성을 검토하고자 한다. 실험은 콘크리트 설계강도 40MPa, 50MPa, 60MPa 순환굵은골재 치환율 0%, 30%, 50%, 100%를변수로 총 12개의 실험체를 제작하여 최종 파괴 시까지 변위제어 방식에 의해 2점 가력하였다. 실험결과 천연골재를 사용한 실험체와 비교시 균열발생 및 파괴양상의 경우, 순환굵은골재를 사용한 철근콘크리트 보의 실험체는 천연골재 철근콘크리트 보 실험체에 비해 균열이 비교적 압축측까지 진전하는 특성을 보였으나 전반적으로 균열양상은 유사하게 나타났으며, KCI 설계기준식에 의한 계산값 및 실험결과의 비교결과 순환굵은골재 치환율에 관계없이 1.08~1.29로 기준값을 상회하는 것으로 나타나 순환굵은골재를 사용한 콘크리트 보의 휨 부재설계에 적용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 순환굵은골재 활용성 증대를 위해 추가적인 실험을 통하여 순환굵은골재의 구조적 기준정립이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, specimens were produced to reach design standard strengths 40, 50 and 60MPa on age 28 days to evaluate the usability of high strength recycled aggregate concrete and the applicability of compressive strength by Impact Echo method and numerical analysis, and after 0, 30, 50 and 100% recycled coarse aggregates were substituted and mixed into each combination, totally 12 combinations were set. And, through compressive strength test, Impact Echo method, shock reverberation technique and numerical analysis on 1, 3, 7 and 28 days of age

We conducted a survey of actual using conditions of farm-made liquid fertilizers by investigating their formulation types, materials, making processes, using methods and various beneficial effects on 29 farms certified by National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service to produce environment-friendly agricultural products in 2009. Most of the materials used to make liquid fertilizers are those that can be easily obtained around the farms. Molasses or black sugar are added as an energy source of microorganism. And leaf mold, bacterial cultures supplied by agricultural extension centers of local governments, and cultures of native microorganisms were used as microbial sources for fermenting effective microorganisms. Types of the farm-made liquid fertilizers were fermented liquid fertilizers, fermented plant juices, amino acid liquid fertilizers, calcium-liquid fertilizers, and phosphoric acid liquid fertilizers. Effects of liquid fertilizers used by the farms were found to promote plant growth by supplying nutrition, to accelerate blooming and flower bud formation, to enhance the quality of agricultural products such as increase of sugar contents and improvement of storing conditions, to induce resistance against diseases and insect pests, and to cause endurance to high temperature stress. Chemical properties of the liquid fertilizers collected were analyzed. As a result, pH and EC range showed differences according to kinds of the liquid fertilizers. Amount of macro-nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphoric acid, in most of the collected liquid fertilizers, was found to be low. Even though the liquid fertilizers were made from same materials, their contents was found to be different depending on the making process.

구조최적화는 최근 CAD와 컴퓨터 기술이 발전하면서 구조설계부분에 널리 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 30층의 강구조물을 대상으로 유한요소해석 및 어댑티브 시뮬레이티드 어닐링 알고리즘을 이용하여 최적중량설계를 구현하였다. 최적설계는 모든 설계상수와 설계하중들이 주어졌을 때, 목적함수가 최소로 됨과 동시에 모든 설계제약조건을 만족시키는 설계변수를 결정하는 설계법이라고 정의할 수 있다. 최적설계 구현을 통해 건설 측면에 있어 성능 향상과 신뢰도 향상 효과를 가져 올 수 있을 것이다.

최근 구조물이 노후화되면서 기존 구조물과 시공품질을 관리하는 비파괴검사 평가의 요구가 증가되고 있다. 콘크리트 구조물의 압축강도 추정의 중요성이 건설업계에서 또한 점차적으로 증대되고 있는 실정이고, 시공관리와 품질관리에 있어서 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구는 콘크리트의 압축강도를 비교하기 위한 비파괴 검사법 중 슈미트해머 시험과 충격반향기법을 이용하여 수행되었다. 콘크리트 압축강도와 슈미트해머에 의한 반발경도 값과 충격반향기법 실험결과와의 관계를 알아내는데 초점을 두었으며, 콘크리트의 압축강도와 반발경도 값은 밀접한 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다.