The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effect of five chemical inhibitors on methane production of the pure cultures of methanogens. To examine the methanogenesis inhibition by 2-bromoethane sulfonic acid (BES), 3-bromopropane sulfonic acid (BPS), lumazine, propynoic acid and ethyl 2-butynoate, they were added into the pure cultures of Methanobacterium formicicum KOR-1 and KOR-12, Methanoculleus bourgensis KOR-2, Methanosarcina mazei KOR-3, KOR-7, KOR-9 and KOR-10, Methanosarcina vacuolata (DSM 1232), Methanobacterium bryantii (ATCC 33272), Methanosarcina mazei (ATCC BAA159) and Methanosarcina barkeri (ATCC 43240). Each methanogen was anaerobically incubated at 39℃ for 6 and 10 days, and then methane gas production was measured. All methanogens were sensitive to BES, lumazaine and ethyl 2-butynoate and as the addition levels of the chemicals increased, the methanogenesis was linearly reduced. BPS and propynoic acid failed to inhibit any of the methanogens. There were important differences among species of methanogens regarding their sensitivity to the different inhibitors. In general, the strains of Methanosarcina species were the most resistant to BES, lumazaine and ethyl 2-butynoate and the strains of Methanobacteriales order the least resistant. The different resistances to chemical inhibitors may be caused by different cell membrane structure, substrate utilization for methanogenesis and competition with other microorganisms for electron receptors. In conclusion, differences among methanogens habituating in anaerobic ecosystems, such as the rumen of ruminants regarding their resistance to chemical inhibitors should be considered when strategies of inhibition of methanogenesis are designed.

Warthin tumor, also known as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum is a benign neoplasm which occurs mostly in the parotid gland. It is the second most common benign neoplasm of the parotid gland, following pleomorphic adenoma. In occasion, the size of neoplasm grows slowly, and there is no symptom, except swelling. To prevent the recurrence, some surgeons prefer superficial parotidectomy, but the others prefer local resection with minimal surrounding tissue due to its low recurrence rate. We present a case of Warthin tumor of 55-year-old male.

Oral hyperpigmentation is common in patients older 40 years. But lesions in a newborn are unusual and congenital melanotic macule of the tongue has rarely been reported. A 2-month-old infant with 3 pigmented lesion on the right side of the dorsal tongue was evaluated. They were brown black but not homogeneous in color, smooth, nonblanchable, and nonpalpable, with irregular margins. We recommend excisional biopsy under general anesthesia because of possibility of malignancy, but parents refuse invasive procedure. On a following-up examination of the child at the age of 1 year, the pigmented lesions were unchanged. We report a case of congenital melanotic macules on the tongue and a review of literature about the lesion.

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of supplementation of Bifidobacterium ruminantium on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production. Ruminal fermentation characteristics of Timothy hay (C1), whole barley (C2), Timothy hay + B. ruminantium (T1) and whole barley + B. ruminantium (T2) were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation at 39℃. The amount of B. ruminantium culture added into T1 and T2 was 0.3 ml. The pH values ranged from 5.99 to 6.83 in all the treatments. Concentration of NH3-N of C2 and T2 was higher than C1 and T1 at 48 h (p<0.05). The total gas production of C2 and T2 was higher than C1 and T1 at 9 h (p<0.05). The total methane production of treatments with B. ruminantium was not significantly different at 24 and 48 h (p<0.05). Concentration of lactic acid was significantly different between both substrates (p<0.05). Therefore, B. ruminantium supplementation was determined to be insignificant in the in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production, while a further study was required to investigate relation to lactic acid production with different forage sources.

최근 근린공원, 도시공원, 생태공원 등 다양한 공원을 조 성, 계획, 복원하여 도시지역의 생물다양성 증진 및 생태적 기능 회복을 시도하고 있다. 하지만 거대한 도시에서 생태 적 기능, 생물다양성을 위한 서식처는 현저히 부족한 실정 에 이다. 또한 인간의 간섭과 환경오염, 무분별한 살충제의 사용 및 관리 미흡으로 인해 생물공간이 줄어들고 있는 실 정이다. 많은 생물 중 다른 분류군에 비하여 생태연구가 활발히 진행되어 있는 나비는 1차소비자, 2차소비자의 먹이원, 기 생벌류의 숙주, 수분매개자, 야생조류의 먹이자원의 역할을 하며 생물다양성에 매우 중요한 위치에 있다. 또한 기후변 화와 서식지 경관, 환경변화에 민감하게 반응하기 때문에 지표종으로 활용하기 좋은 대상이다. 또한 나비는 인간에게 다양한 아름다운 이미지 및 체험 교육 자료를 제공하는 종 으로, 관찰, 체험교육을 위해 함평, 남해, 양평, 서울숲, 인천 나비공원, 예천 곤충생태원 등의 체험관이 설치되어 있다. 하지만 대부분이 온실형태로 실내공간에서 사육된 나비를 방사하여 관찰과 체험이 지속적이고 자연친화적으로 이루 어지가 힘든 실정이다. 국내에 서식하는 나비는 약 195종으로 알려져 있다. 나비 애벌레의 경우 정해진 식물만 먹는 먹이식물이 있고 성충의 경우 식물의 꽃에서 흡밀을 하는 흡밀식물이 있어 식물과 매우 밀접한 관계를 가진다. 식물과 나비의 서식 관계를 분 석한 연구에는 김창환(1984), 신유향과 이광원(1988), 김지 석과 강현경(2011), 전성재 등(2012), 김도성 등(2012) 등이 있으나, 나비와 먹이식물, 흡밀식물의 관계에 대한 연구는 빈약한 것이 현실이다. 따라서 본 연구는 지속적으로 나비가 생활할 수 있는 공 간제공과 향후 실외 나비정원을 조성함에 있어 사육, 방사 가능한 나비와 각 지역 환경에 맞는 먹이식물과 흡밀식물과 의 상호관계성 탐색을 위해 본 연구를 진행하였다. 우리나 라의 설치되어 있는 실내 나비정원을 바탕으로 식물과 나비 를 조사, 분석하여 추후 나비정원 조성의 실증 시험자료 및 인간과 생물의 조화로운 환경조성, 교육의 장으로 활용함에 있어 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구대상지는 국내 온실형태의 실내 나비정원으로 이용 자의 사용빈도가 높고 접근성이 좋은 나비정원으로 관찰, 체험, 교육, 행사 등이 매년 진행되고 있는 서울, 인천, 대구, 예천, 홍천 등 8곳으로 선정하였다. 선정된 8곳에 방문하여 작성된 설문지와 인터뷰를 통해 자료 수집을 하였으며, 수 집된 식물목록은 국내 분포 종을 구분을 위해 국가생물종지 식정보시스템(www.nature.go.kr)에서 제공하는 국가표준 식물목록을 확인하였다. 식물목록 중 학명으로 모호하게 거 론된 종은 제외하였으며, 생활형 또한 확인되지 않은 것은 제외하고 분석하였다. 확인된 종은 식물 분류학적 구분을 통해 구분하고 Raunkiær(1934)의 생활형 구분, Park(2009) 와 Lee et al.(2011)의 귀화식물 등을 분석하였다. 8개 나비정원에서 방사되고 있는 나비를 분석한 결과 총 5과 15속 22종으로, 흰나비과(Pieridae)에서 남방노랑나비 (Eurema mandarina), 노랑나비(Colias erate), 대만흰나비 (Artogeia canidia), 배추흰나비(Pieris rapae), 큰줄흰나비 (Pieris melete)로 5종, 호랑나비과(Papilionidae)에서 무늬 박이제비나비(Papilio helenus), 산제비나비(Papilio maackii), 긴꼬리제비나비(Papilio macilentus), 꼬리명주나비(Sericinus montela) 등 9종, 네발나비과(Nymphalidae)에서 네발나비 (Polygonia caureum), 들신선나비(Nymphalis xanthomelas) , 암끝검은표범나비(Argyreus hyperbius) 등 5종, 부전나 비과(Lycaenidae)에서 남방부전나비(Pseudozizeeria maha), 큰 주홍부전나비(Lycaena dispar) 2종, 팔랑나비아과(Hesperiinae)에 서 대왕팔랑나비(Satarupa nymphalis) 1종으로 분류되었다. 연구대상지 8곳의 조사된 식물을 바탕으로 분석된 결과 는 다음과 같다. 분석결과 총 82과 186속 224종 23변종 2품 종으로 총 249종을 확인할 수 있었다. 분석된 249종에 대해 국내 서식종을 확인하기 위해 산림청 국가표준식물목록을 확인하여 국내 서식 종 246종과 기타 국내 미확인 3종으로 구분하였다. 분석된 식물목록 중 국내 미확인 종을 제외한 246종류에 대한 과별 분포를 분석한 결과 국화과 (Compositae)가 가장 많은 24종(9.8%)이었으며, 백합과 (Liliaceae) 13종(5.3%), 장미과(Rosaceae) 11종(4.5%), 산 형과(Umbelliferae) 9종(3.7%), 돌나무과(Crassulaceae) 8 종(3.3%), 운향과(Rutaceae) 8종(3.3%) 등의 순으로 확인되 었다. 본 연구에서 분석한 246종의 식물 중 귀화식물은 7과 11종으로 분석되었다. 귀화식물 11종은 나비정원조성에 사 용하지 않는 것이 가급적 향후 관리에 있어 좋을 것으로 보이나, 나비의 종에 따른 먹이, 흡밀식물도 있으므로 자생 종과 혼합하여 식재하는 것을 고려해야 할 것으로 판단된 다. 본 연구대상지 8곳에서 분석된 249종류(Taxa) 중 국내 미확인 종 3종과 귀화종 11종을 제외한 82과 179속 213종 20변종 2아종으로 총 235종류(Taxa)를 나비정원 조성 식물 로 선정하였다. 선정된 235종류(Taxa) 중 먹이식물은 38종, 흡밀식물은 167종, 경관식물은 51종으로 분류되었다. 이러한 연구는 나비정원 실증 시험 자료로 활용하고 지속 적인 연구를 통해 국가 생물다양성, 나비 보전 및 다양한 생태계서비스 증진자료로 활용하는 한편, 생태교육 장소로 서 나비정원 조성과 교육자료 제작에 활용 할 수 있을 것으 로 기대한다.

Subcutaneous emphysema is a rare but serious side effect of dental and oral surgery procedures. The condition is characterized by air being forced underneath the tissue, leading to swelling, crepitus on palpation, and with potential to spread along the fascial planes to the periorbital, mediastinal, pericardial, and/or thoracic spaces. A wide range of causes have been documented for the origin of subcutaneous emphysema during dental treatment including: crown preparations, other operative procedures, endodontic therapy, extractions, as well as oral surgery procedures. The patient was a 58-year-old woman who presented to the Seoul Saint mary’s hospital emergency department with a chief complaint of facial edema, dyspnea and chest discomfort after periodontal treatment using an air-flow equipment in local dental clinic. During treatment in the emergency department, oxygen therapy and intravenous injection of steroid and anti-histamine was done. it was noted that the patient had pain and swelling on left lower molar region, pus discharging on same site. Severe edema was observed on periorbital region to neck with heatness. An audible crepitus sound was heard during palpation on facial area. Neck CT scan and antibiotic therapy was done, as symptom suggesting dental abscess is observed. 3 hours after injection of antibiotics, the patient’s symptom was relieved, but she felt chest discomfort continuously. CT scan with constrast depicted confluent and extensive soft tissue emphysematous changes involving face and deep neck spaces and pneumomediastinum. The patient was refered to thoracic surgery department, oxygen therapy was decided continuously. After 10 hours, patient’s chief complaint was resolved, and discharged. After 1 week, all symptom was disappear and follow-up neck CT scan finding was disappearance of edema and pnuemomediastinum. We report a case of cervical subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum occurring after periodontal treatment using an air-flow equipment and case on the diagnosis and treatment of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum, along with a review of the literature.

본 연구는 포화지방산과 불포화 지방산 첨가가 반추위 발효성상과 효소활력에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 Piromyces communis 곰팡이를 이용하여 in vitro 발효 시험을 실시하였다. 시험 Ⅰ과 Ⅱ의 대조구에는 지방산을 첨가하지 않았고, 처리구는 시험Ⅰ에서 palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid를 첨가하였고, 실험 Ⅱ에서는 linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid를 첨가하였다. 두 실험 모두 39℃에서 7일간 (2, 3, 4, 6 및 7일) 실시되었다. 시험 Ⅰ의 가스발생량은 불포화 지방산인 oleic acid에서 가장 많이 생성되었고 H2가스의 비율은 가장 낮았다. 시험 Ⅱ의 linoleic acid 첨가구에서 2일에서 6일까지의 가스 발생량은 대조구에 비해 높았지만 이후에는 낮았다. 수소가스 생성비율은 linoleic acid 첨가구에서 가장 많았고 linolenic acid 첨가구에서 가장 낮았다. 또한 시험 Ⅰ의 pH는 6.63에서 5.85로, 시험 Ⅱ에서는 6.59에서 5.40으로 낮아졌다. Carboxymethylcellulase 활력은 발효시간(day) 경과에 따라 증가하는 경향이었고, 특히 arachidonic acid 첨가구의 증가폭이 컸다. 본 실험의 결과는 반추동물의 사료에 불포화지방산을 첨가하면 반추위곰팡이가 생성하는 수소를 불포화 지방산이 이용하여 메탄생성 억제에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this research is to verify the meaning and attraction of school sports club games in review of the specific inside of school sports club games where students can fully show off their developed skills and high satisfaction effect in school life. We have conducted a survey to find sports fun factors among 88 middle school students advanced to the quarterfinals of 'The 7th Education Support Commissioner's Cup Baseball Tournament' in G city of Gyeonggi-do and analyzed the results by one-way ANOVA and t-test. The research results are as follows. First, all 5 sports fun sub-factors among students participated in the sports club games showed relatively high scores in the order of victory and competition, team atmosphere, practice and recognition of its effectiveness and parental support. Second, there were no significant differences in sports fun factors by grades of participating students. Third, there were no significant differences in sports fun factors by types of participation.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of wormwood meal addition on constituent of blood, and liver fatty acid in broiler chickens. Two-day old 25 male commercial broiler chicks were distributed to 5 treatments (wormwood meal levels ; T1 (1%), T2 (3%), T3 (5%), T4 (10%), and control (C)) for 5 weeks. Free fatty acids of liver were a little different among the treatments and the palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were occupied 92.5% of total free fatty acids. Hemoglobin and hematocrite concentration of blood were significantly decreased (p<0.05) as the levels of wormwood meal increased, and serum albumin concentration of broilers was little different between 0 week and 5 week experiments. Also serum cholesterol, phospholipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentration of liver in broilers were little different during the 5 weeks experiment. Serum triglyceride concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) as levels of wormwood meal increased. These results indicate that dietary wormwood meal addition has a little positive effect on increasing unsaturated fatty acid and decreasing saturated fatty acid.

본 연구는 허브 부식토를 이용하여 첨가 수준별 in vitro 반추위 발효특성 평가와 젖소를 이용하여 급여시 유생산성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 시험 1에서는 티머시 건초를 기질로 하여 허브부식토(herbaceous peat)를 0,1 및 5%를 3반복으로 각각 첨가하여 in vitro 반추위내 pH, 가스발생량, VFA (volatile fatty acid), ammonia-N 및 건물분해율을 조사하여 반추위내 발효성상의

This study was conducted to determine cleaning effects of environmental-friendly washing detergent on milking installation in dairy farms. Milking machine, cooling machine and milking liner were washed by alkaline detergent and acid detergent for first three weeks and alkaline detergent and environmental-friendly detergent for next three weeks and the results get through microorganism and physico-chemistry analysis at the five district dairy farms different from environment. E-coli, coliform, fecal coliform, staphylococcus aureus, fecal streptococcus, prsudomonas aeruginosa and yersinia were not found in all of the dairy farms, and total colony counts were no difference compared with chemical detergent. The water for washing exceeded the determining acceptable level of nitrate nitrogen in the Anseong, Onyang and Cheonan and the remaining substance of washed water was also high levels. The cause of the result was that the level of nitrate nitrogen of water is basically high. Therefore, this study indicated that washing effect is no differences between environmental-friendly detergent and chemical detergent by washing for milking machine and cooling machine. Above all, producing high quality milk is to manage the water quality as well as using detergent.

This study was carried out to elucidate changes in milk production, milk components and milk product properties as influenced by organic and conventional farming system. Milk production in transient organic feeding was lower by 7.6% than that in conventional feeding and also milk fat, milk protein content, solids not fat and somatic cell count were lower than conventional farming system. But, milk lactose content in transient organic feeding was higher than that in conventional feeding. Ca and Fe content in milk in organic feeding tended to be higher compared to conventional feeding. Linoleic acid and unsaturated fatty acids in milk in organic feeding was higher than those in conventional feeding and properties of milk products were improved in organic milk compared to conventional milk.

본 연구는 높은 섬유소 분해력을 검증 받은 Aspergillus niger (KCCM 60357)와 Bacillus licheniformis (KCCM 40934)를 단독 및 혼합 배양한 미생물제제로 양돈용 청보리 발효사료를 제조하였을 때 사료 성상변화, in vitro 대장발효 및 전장소화율에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 실험 설계는 건조 청보리 (control), A. niger (control + A. niger), B. licheniformis (

본 시험은 산양유 생산을 위해 유기사료를 이용하여 유산양의 적정 에너지 및 단백질 공급 수준과 조농비율을 결정하기 위하여 비유중기 Saanen종 유산양 4두( BW)를 이용하여 라틴방각법으로 실시하였다. 대사에너지 공급수준과 단백질 공급수준을 10.59 (T1), 10.14 (T2), 9.45 (T3) 및 8.75 (T4) MJ/kg과 11.90 (T1), 12.73 (T2), 15.19 (T3) 및 16.60% (T4)로 달리하였으며, 조농비율은 49

본 시험은 산양유 생산을 위해 유가사료를 이용하여 유산양의 적정 에너지 및 단백질 공급 수준과 조농비율을 결정하기 위하여 비유중기 Saanen종 유산양 4두(57.5土10.8 kg BW)를 이용하여 4x4 라틴방각법으로 실시하였다. 대사에너지 공급수준과 단백질 공급수준을 10.59 (T1), 10.14 (T2), 9.45 (T3) 및 8.75 (T4) MJ/kg과 11.90 (T1), 12.73 (T2), 15.19 (T3) 및 16.60% (T4)로 달리하였으며, 조농비율은 49:51 (T1), 59:41 (T2), 74:26 (T3) 및 90:10 (T4)의 네 처리구로 나누었다. 사료 섭취량 및 체중은 모든 처리구 사이의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 유량은 T3구에서 가장 높았으며, T2 및 T4구와 비교 하여 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 유지방 함량과 생산량은 T4구에서 다른 처리구와 비교하여 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 유단백질과 유당 생산량은 T1 (61.29 및 70.95 g/일)과 T3 (60.52 및 75.82 g/일)구에서 T2 (50.49 및 59.64 g/일)와 T4 (52.49 빛 59.82 g/얼)구와 비교하여 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 결과적으로 유산양의 유생산성을 극대화시커기 위해서 에너지 공급수준은 최소 9 MJ/kg 이상과 단백질 공급수준은 최소 15% 이상을 공급해 주어야할 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 수입사료가 우리나라 농업환경의 오염부하에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 2005년을 기준년도로 하여 수입사료 품목별 수입량 및 비료성분량, 수입사료로 인한 가축 사양단계에서 비료성분 발생량을 추산하고, 농경지 작물별 재배면적과 양분요구도 분석을 통해 수입사료로 인한 농경지의 오염부하도를 분석하였다. 수입사료를 통해 국내로 도입되는 비료성분량은 질소 371천톤, 인산 140천톤, 가리 143천톤, 주요 수입품목인 곡류 및 식물성 유박류에서 유래하는

Amino acid transporters are essential for the growth and proliferation in all living cells. Among the amino acid transporters, the system L amino acid transporters are the major nutrient transport system responsible for the Na+-independent transport of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is over-expressed to support cell growth in malignant tumors. The double stranded RNA-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) analysis can be in a wide variety of eukaryotes to induce the sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression. In this study, we examined the effect of LAT1 short interfering RNA (siRNA) on cell growth using siRNA of LAT1 in the KB human oral squamous cell carcinoma. In the RT-PCR analysis and western blot analysis, the siRNA of LAT1 inhibited expressions of LAT1 mRNA and protein. The uptake of [14C]L-leucine was inhibited by siRNA of LAT1. In the MTT assay, the siRNA of LAT1 inhibited the growth of the KB cells in the time-dependent manner, indicating that the growth inhibition of KB cell by the siRNA of LAT1 is induced by the blocking of neutral amino acid transport mediated by LAT1. These results suggest that the transport of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids into the KB human oral squamous cell carcinoma is mediated mainly by LAT1. Further, the LAT1 would be a new target for the inhibition of cancer cell growth.

Amino acids a re required fo1' protein synthesis and energy sources in all living cell s. System L amino acid trans porters neutral amino aci cls i n a Na +' - independent manner. In ma 1ignan t tumors the L-type amino acid t ranspor te r 1(LA1'1), the first isoform 0 1' system L. is highly expressed to suppor t tumo1' cell growth. ln the present study, the expression 0 1' the system L amino acid transporter and BCH cytotoxicity were examined and compa red in both rat gli a l and C6 g lioma cel ls 1'he rat glia l cells expressed the L-type arnino acid t ra nsporter 2(LA1'2). the second isoform 이 system L, with its subu ni t 4F2hc. whereas the LA1'1 was not expressed. 1'he C6 glioma cells expressed LA1'1 with 4F2hc but not LA1'2 1'he [14C]L-leucine uptakes by the glial and C6 glioma cells were inhibi ted by BCH in a co ncent ration-d e pendant man ner wi th the lC50 values of 270.0 :t 13.7 μ M and 73.1 :t 4.5 μ M, respectively. 1'he cell g rowth was inh ibi ted by BCH in the time, concen tration-dependant manner in the gli al and C6 glioma cell s . 1'he rate of cell growth inhi bit ion induced by BCH in the C6 glioma cells was hi gh er than that in the gli al cells 1'hese results s uggesL that the tra ns ports of neutra l amino acids inc1uding several essenti al amino acids into rat g lial and C6 glioma cel ls a re for the most part mediated by LA1'2 and LA1'1, respectively. Therefore‘ the rat glia1 and C6 gJioma cells are excell ent tools for examing the proper ties of LA1'2 and LA1'1, respectively. Moreover, the spec너 i c inh ibi tion 0 1' LATl in cancel cells might be a new rationa le f'or anti -cancer therapy