At Pyropia farms, organic acid treatments have enhanced productivity and quality by removing pest algae (such as Ulva spp. and diatoms) and reducing the occurrence of diseases. Ulva spp. attaches to the Pyropia nets competing for inorganic nutrients & space and diminishing productivity. Additionally, the presence of attached contaminants (such as diatoms and middy particles) on the Pyropia nets negatively affects the quality of Pyropia. This study investigated the effects of removing Ulva linza and washing the Pyropia yezoensis nets using an activating treatment agent (organic acid and highly saline solution) with an air bubble device. The results of measuring the dead cell ratios after treatment under different conditions showed that the dead cell ratio of U. linza did not significantly increase when the air bubble device combined the activating treatment agent with the activating treatment agent alone. When washing the P. yezoensis nets, the air bubble device was about 19-37% more effective than the activating treatment agent alone. The findings of this study suggest that the air bubble device enhances the efficacy of the activating treatment agent, resulting in the effective cleaning of the Pyropia nets.

This study investigated the effects of pectinase treatment and skin contact time on the quality characteristics of Dae-hong peach wine. Wine was produced with variations in enzyme treatment and skin contact time (1 hour, 2 hours, 1 day, 2 days, and until the completion of fermentation). Enzyme treatment increased the production yield by 6%, as well as ethanol and redness levels, compared to the non-treated control. Volatile components were higher when the skin contact time was 2 hours or 1 day. Results were compared according to enzyme treatment and skin contact time and found to be influenced by methanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Enzyme treatment effectively enhanced yields and volatile compound contents. However, skin contact should be concluded a day before 1 day to ensure compliance with methanol legislative requirements. Therefore, our findings show that enzymatic treatment with shorter skin contact time preserves the distinctive characteristics of Dae-hong peaches and ensures the production of safe and flavorful wine.

UV and O3 are materials used in the water treatment process, and many studies have been reported to remove organic matters, contaminants, and microorganisms. In this study, we were investigated effects of Chirnomidae (Chironomus flaviplumus, Chironomus riparius), which are contamination indicator species to exposure UV and O3 for the survival rate, body color change and gene expression response. The survival rate of C. flaviplumus exposed to UV decreased to about 70% after 24 hours, and C. riparius about 50%. There was no change in the survival rate of C. flaviplumus exposed to O3, and C. riparius decreased to 95% after 10 minutes of exposure, but there was no change during the subsequent exposure time. In addition, UV and O3 exposure to the two species in body color faded in a time-dependent. In the HSP70 gene expression, C. riparius showed an increase in expression after UV exposure compared to the control group, and a significant difference was shown 12 hours after exposure (P<0.05). C. flaviplumus exposed to O3 showed a relatively low expression compared to the control group, and showed a significant difference at 10 minutes and 1 hour after exposure (P<0.05). These results reported the ecotoxicological effects on Chironomidae according to UV and O3 exposure. Therefore, the results of this study can be used as basic data to understand the effects of UV and O3, which are disinfectants used in water treatment plants, on Chirnomidae entering plants. Key words: Chironomus flaviplumus, Chironomus riparius, UV, O3, acute toxicity, survival

In this study, we analyzed how the revenue water ratio(RWR) is affected by changes in conditions of the water supply area, such as the ratio of aging pipes, maintenance conditions, and revenue water. As a result of analyzing the impact of pipe aging and maintenance conditions on the RWR, it was confirmed that the RWR could be decreased if the pipe replacement project to improve the aging pipe ratio was not carried out and proper maintenance costs were not secured. It was also confirmed that an increase in the revenue water could be operated to facilitate the achievement of the project’s target RWR. In contrast, a decrease in the revenue water due to a population reduction could affect the failure of the target RWR. In addition to analyzing the causes of variation in the RWR, the calculation of estimated project costs was considered by using leakage reduction instead of RWR from recent RWR improvement project cost data. From this analysis, it was reviewed whether the project costs planned to achieve the target RWR of the RWR improvement project in A city were appropriate. In conclusion, the RWR could be affected by variations in the ratio of aging pipes, maintenance conditions, and revenue water, and it was reasonable to consider not only the construction input but also the input related to RWR improvement, such as leakage reduction, when calculating the project cost.

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (Cyano-HABs) are an international environmental problem that negatively affects the ecosystem as well as the safety of water resources by discharging cyanotoxins. In particular, the discharge of microcystins (MCs), a highly toxic substance, has been studied most actively, and various water treatment methods have been proposed for this purpose. In this paper, we reviewed adsorption technology, which is recognized as the most feasible, economical, and efficient method among suggested treatment methods for removing MCs. Activated carbons (AC) are widely used adsorbents for MCs removal, and excellent MCs adsorption performance has been reported. Research on alternative adsorption materials for AC such as biochar and biosorbents has been conducted, however, their performance was lower compared to activated carbon. The impacts of adsorbent properties (characteristics of pore surface chemistry) and environmental factors (solution pH, temperature, natural organic matter, and ionic strength) on the MCs adsorption performance were also discussed. In addition, toward effective control of MCs, the possibility of the direct removal of harmful cyanobacteria as well as the removal of dissolved MCs using adsorption strategy was examined. However, to fully utilize the adsorption for the removal of MCs, the application and optimization under actual environmental conditions are still required, thereby meeting the environmental and economic standards. From this study, crucial insights could be provided for the development and selection of effective adsorbent and subsequent adsorption processes for the removal of MCs from water resources.

PURPOSES : Demonstrated performance degradation of LiDAR for vehicle and pedestrian dummy in rainy and foggy road conditions. METHODS : In real-scale rain and fog road conditions, adjust the distance between LiDAR and the measurement target from 10m to 70m (in 10m interval), measure LiDAR NPC (number of point cloud) and intensity, and compare the resulting numerical values. RESULTS : LiDAR's NPC and Intensity showed statistically significant differences by overall weather condition (normal, rain, fog), and the values were found to be larger in the order of normal>rainfall>fog. In the case of vehicles, sunder rain conditions, NPC and intensity are recognized even at 70m as in normal conditions, but under fog conditions, NPC and intensity are measured only up to 30m. In the case of pedestrians, the reflective area size is smaller than that of vehicles, so they are recognized only up to 30m in rainy conditions, and NPC and intensity are measured only up to 20m in fog conditions. CONCLUSIONS : It was confirmed that LiDAR performance deteriorates in rain and fog compared to normal.

In this study, the performances of H2S, NH3, and HCl sensors for real-time monitoring in small emission facilities (4, 5 grades in Korea) were evaluated at high concentration conditions of those gases. And the proper approach for the collection of reliable measurement data by sensors was suggested through finding out the effect on sensor performances according to changes in temperature and humidity (relative humidity, RH) settings. In addition, an assessment on sensor data correction considering the effects produced by environmental settings was conducted. The effects were tested in four different conditions of temperature and humidity. The sensor performances (reproducibility, precision, lower detection limit (LDL), and linearity) were good for all three sensors. The intercept (ADC0) values for all three sensors were good for the changes of temperature and humidity conditions. The variation in the slope value of the NH3 sensor showed the highest value, and this was followed by the HCl, H2S sensors. The results of this study can be helpful for data collection by enabling the more reliable and precise measurements of concentrations measured by sensors.

Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal found in the aquatic environment, accumulates in organisms through the food chain. In the study, we investigated the survival rates, measurement of body Cd levels, and expression analysis of the stress response genes (Heat shock protein 70: HSP70 and Heat shock protein 60: HSP60) and antioxidant enzyme Glutathione S-Transferases (GST) on benthic oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex exposed three concentrations of Cd, to analyze the bioaccumulation and changes of stress gene expressions to exposure toxicity of the Cd-spiked sediment. Survival rates of T. tubifex exposed to the Cdspiked sediment were 93% at 0.4 mg kg-1 Cd, 96% at 1.87 mg kg-1 Cd, and 93% at 6.09 mg kg-1 Cd for 10 days. Cd concentration in the body of T. tubifex was higher than that in the sediment. After Cd exposures for 10 days, the body Cd levels were 18.4 mg kg-1, 13.06 mg kg-1, and 79.11 mg kg-1 at exposed three concentrations of Cd, respectively. Upregulation of HSP70 gene expression was observed at all concentrations of exposed Cd as a time-dependent manner, whereas transcriptional expression of the HSP60 gene increased as a timedependent manner in T. tubifex exposed to the relative high concentration (6.09 mg kg-1) of Cd. However, GST gene expression increased on day 1 at all concentrations after Cd exposures, and then downregulated until 10 days. These results indicate to ecotoxicological and molecular effects in benthic oligochaete worm T. tubifex to Cd-spiked sediment and provide the basic information for the utilization of environmental toxicity assessment using the T. tubifex as a aquatic pollution indicator species.

좁은가슴잎벌레는 십자화과작물을 가해하는 해충으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 온도가 좁은가슴잎벌레의 발육단계별 발육기간, 성충의 수 명과 산란특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 성충 전 발육단계는 15, 20, 25, 27.5°C에서, 성충은 10, 15, 20, 25, 27.5°C 항온조건에서 조사하였 다. 알과 유충은 항온조건에서 다음 발육 단계로 성공적으로 발육하였다. 알, 유충, 번데기의 발육기간은 온도가 상승할수록 짧아지는 경향을 보 였다. 좁은가슴잎벌레의 발육영점온도, 유효적산온일도는 선형회귀분석을 통해 추정하였으며 알에서 성충출현까지 발육영점온도와 유효적산온 일도는 8.7°C와 344.73DD였다. 좁은가슴잎벌레 발육단계별 최저, 최고 온도의 한계는 Briere함수를 이용하여 추정하였으며 알에서 성충출현 까지 최저, 최고한계는 5.3°C와 40.4°C였다. 성충은 10°C와 27.5°C 범위에서 산란이 가능하였고 21.7°C에서 최대 약 627.5개의 알을 낳는 것 으로 추정되었다. 노화율, 나이별 생존율, 나이별 누적산란율, 온도의존 산란수와 관련된 성충모델들을 작성하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 온도발육 모형과 성충산란모형은 좁은가슴잎벌레 개체군동태를 이해하는데 유용할 것이며 십자화과작물의 종합적 해충군관리체계를 마련하는데 기초자 료로 활용될것으로 기대된다.

This study addresses the optimal design methodology for switching between active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar operating modes to easily select the necessary information to reduce pilots' cognitive load and physical workload in situations where diverse and complex information is continuously provided. This study presents a procedure for defining a hidden Markov chain model (HMM) for modeling operating mode changes based on time series data on the operating modes of the AESA radar used by pilots while performing mission scenarios with inherent uncertainty. Furthermore, based on a transition probability matrix (TPM) of the HMM, this study presents a mathematical programming model for proposing the optimal structural design of AESA radar operating modes considering the manipulation method of a hands on throttle-and-stick (HOTAS). Fighter pilots select and activate the menu key for an AESA radar operation mode by manipulating the HOTAS’s rotary and toggle controllers. Therefore, this study presents an optimization problem to propose the optimal structural design of the menu keys so that the pilot can easily change the menu keys to suit the operational environment. K

2015년부터 2022년도까지 6개목(딱정벌레목, 노린재목, 나비목, 벌목, 파리목, 총채벌레목) 곤충들에 대해서 식물검역현장 검출실적과 국내 보고된 미기록종을 분석하였다. 해당기간 동안 국경검역에서 6개목 곤충은 총 45,084건이 검출되었다. 같은 기간 국내에서는 총 545종이 미기록종 으로 보고되었으며, 이중 9종은 국경검역에서도 검출된 것으로 확인되었다. 검역현장에서는 딱정벌레목, 총채벌레목, 노린재목이 높은 검출률을 보 였으며, 국내 미기록종 중에서는 벌목이 176종으로 가장 많이 보고되었다. 본 연구를 통해 침입압력(국경검역 검출)과 실제 침입(국내 미기록종 발 견) 사이에 비동시성이 확인되었다. 향후 보다 장기적인 분석이 필요할 뿐만 아니라 지속적인 식물검역시스템 개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

벼밤나방[Sesamia inferens (Walker, 1856)](나비목: 밤나방과)은 벼 줄기를 가해하는 해충이다. 본 연구는 국내 몇 지역에서 벼밤나방의 연 중 세대수를 추정하였다. 북위 38° 부근의 세 지역에서 벼밤나방 성충이 성페로몬트랩에 포획되었다. 이는 국내 모든 지역에서 벼밤나방이 서식하 는 것을 나타냈다. 조사된 지역 대부분에서 단일사인곡선의 유효적산온일도 모델로 추정된 세대별 성충 발생 시기는 관찰된 성충 세대의 발생 시기 와 차이가 없었다. 이 모델을 사용하여 추정된 월동유충은 성충 마지막 세대로부터 유래할 가능성이 있다고 추정되었다. 중남부지역에서 가을동안 벼 포장에서 채집된 유충들을 25°C에서 사육하였을 때, 번데기의 약 70%가 용화전 유충 탈피를 보이지 않았다. 경남 고성에서 3월초에 채집된 유 충은 25°C 사육에서 유충 탈피 없이 용화하여 이 지역에서는 주로 마지막 유충 영기로 월동할 것으로 추정되었다. 모든 결과를 종합하여 벼밤나방 은 북위 38° 부근 지역에서는 주로 2세대, 북위 35.3° ~ 37.3° 사이 지역에서는 3세대가 경과할 것으로 결론지었다. 별도로, 시토크롬 c 산화효소 1 유전자의 염기서열을 분석한 결과, 성페로몬트랩에 포획된 종의 35%가 다른 종이었고, 이들은 형태적으로 벼밤나방과 혼동되지 않았다.

Maintaining sea superiority through successful mission accomplishments of warships is being proved to be an important factor of winning a war, as in the Ukraine-Russia war. in order to ensure the ability of a warship to perform its duties, the survivability of the warship must be strengthened. In particular, among the survivability factors, vulnerability is closely related to a damage assessment, and these vulnerability data are used as basic data to measure the mission capability. The warship's mission capability is usually measured using a wargame model, but only the operational effects of a macroscopic view are measured with a theater level resolution. In order to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of a weapon system in the context of advanced weapon systems and equipments, a warship's mission capability must be measured at the engagement level resolution. To this end, not the relationship between the displacement tonnage and the weight of warheads applied in the theater level model, but an engagement level resolution vulnerability assessment method that can specify physical and functional damage at the hit position should be applied. This study proposes a method of measuring a warship’s mission capability by applying the warship vulnerability assessment method to the naval engagement level analysis model. The result can be used as basic data in developing engagement algorithms for effective and efficient operation tactics to be implemented from a single unit weapon system to multiple warships.

In contemporary global warfare, the significance and imperative of air transportation have been steadily growing. The Republic of Korea Air Force currently operates only light and medium-sized military cargo planes, but does not have a heavy one. The current air transportation capability is limited to meet various present and future air transport needs due to lack of performance such as payload, range, cruise speed and altitude. The problem of population cliffs and lack of airplane parking space must also be addressed. These problems can be solved through the introduction of heavy cargo planes. Until now, most studies on the need of heavy cargo plane and increasing air transport capability have focused on the necessity. Some of them suggested specific quantity and model but have not provided scientific evidence. In this study, the appropriate ratio of heavy cargo plane suitable for the Korea's national power was calculated using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. In addition, an optimization model was established to maximize air transport capability considering realistic constraints. Finally we analyze the results of optimization model and compare two alternatives for force structure.

한우에게 급여하는 사료 내 에너지원의 종류에 따라 반추위 미생물의 아미노산 조성에 차이가 있는지를 조사하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 국내 한우 비육우 사육에 주로 이용되는 에너지원 사료인 옥수수(T1), 생미강(T2), 소맥(T3) 그리고 소맥피(T4)로 반추위 환경과 유사한 연속식 배양기를 이용하여 72시간까지 배양을 진행하였다. 배양이 진행되는 동안 6시간 간격으로 배양액의 발효 성상을 확인하였으며 pH, NH3-N이 일정하게 유지되는 것을 확인하였으며, 배양 종료 시점인 72시간대에 미생물체 단백질 합성량(MPS), 미생물의 아미노산 조성 및 미생물 균총 변화를 분석하였다. 배양액의 pH는 모든 처리구에서 배양 기간동안 5.5~7.0을 유지하였다. Total VFA 농도는 T1이 23.13 mM으로 가장 낮았고, T4가 29.93 mM으로 가장 높았다(p<0.05). A (acetate) :P (propionate) 비율은 T1이 1.48로 가장 낮았으며, T4가 2.81로 가장 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). Butyrate는 T1이 2.37 mM으로 가장 낮았으며, T2, T3 그리고 T4는 4.37~4.58 mM으로 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). MPS는 T2 (332.5 mg/L)와 T3 (320.2 mg/L)가 높았고 T1 (137.5 mg/L)와 T4 (154.2 mg/L)로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). DGGE band 분석결과 모든 처리구는 57.5 % 이하의 유사도가 나타났다. 미생물의 총 아미노산 함량은 T1 (31.59 %)과 T3 (31.33 %)가 가장 높았으며, T2 (20.09 %)가 가장 낮았다 (p<0.05). 이는 급여된 사료 내 총 아미노산 함량과 반대되는 결과로 나타났다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 한우 급여 에너지원 사료에 따른 반추위 내 미생물 발효 특성과 미생물체 단백질 합성량이 미생물 군집에 영향을 미치며 이에 따라 미생물의 총 아미노산 함량에 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다.

본 연구는 관수조건에 따른 지피식물의 생육특성을 파악하고 수분 스트레스 후 생육 회복력을 평가하 기 위하여 수행되었다. 지피식물로 많이 사용되는 초본류 4종을 대상으로 피복의 목적을 달성할 수 있 는 적정 식재간격을 도출하였으며, 또한 관수처리 유형에 따른 생육 및 피복률의 변화를 분석하였다. 식물마다 피복효과를 달성하기 위한 적정 식재간격에 차이가 있었다. 돌단풍은 30～35cm, 송엽국은 30～40cm간격, 꽃잔디는 40cm이상, 돌나물은 20cm미만의 식재간격이 효과적이다. 관수처리에 따른 생육특성을 분석한 결과 관수가 지속적으로 이루어지면 초장이 길지만 처리기간 동안 생육의 변화는 거의 없었다. 피복률은 관수처리와 식물에 따라 차이가 있다. 송엽국과 돌단풍은 무관수 20일 후 관수가 이루어지면 피복률도 회복되었으며, 꽃잔디는 관수가 이루어지고 나서 시간이 경과된 후에 피복률을 회복하였다. 피복이 전체적으로 이루어진 이후에는 토양 수분부족에 의한 피복률의 변화가 거의 없었 으나 피복 초기에 수분이 공급되지 않으면 피복에 어려움이 있다. 꽃잔디, 송엽국, 돌단풍은 일정기간 무관수가 지속되더라도 다시 관수가 이루어지면 회복이 될 수 있다. 즉 식물관리에 있어서 종 마다 차이 는 있으나 관수관리가 중요하며, 일정기간 무관수 후 관수가 이루어지면 생육이 회복될 수 있다.

이 연구는 초분광 영상으로 두 품종의 콩(청자 3호, 대찬)의 들불병을 진단할 수 있는 모델과 다중분광 영상센서를 개발하기 위해 수행되었다. 무처리구와 들불병 처리구에서 5 nm full width at half maximum (FWHM)으로 구성된 원시 초분광 중심파장들의 콩 식물 영역 반사율들을 추출하여 10 nm FWHM으로 병합한 후, t-test로 차이가 나타난 blue, green, red, red edge, NIR1 및 NIR2 각 영역에서 선정된 대표 밴드로 121개의 식생지수를 계산하였다. 식생지수를 입력변수로 support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), extra tree (EXT), extreme gradient boosting (XGB)의 머신러닝 기법과 shapley additive explanation 변수 선택 기법을 적용하여 들불병 진단에 가장 적절한 모델을 선정하고 사용된 식생지수와 파라미터를 나타내었다. T-test 결과 품종에 상관없이 blue 1개(420 nm), green 2개(500, 540 nm), red 1개(600 nm), red edge 2개(680, 700 nm), NIR1 2개(780, 840 nm), NIR2 1개(920 nm)의 총 9개 대표 밴드들이 선택되었고, 성능 평가를 통해 선정된 모델에 청자 3호의 경우 SVM모델(OA=0.86, KC=0.72, 10 VIs)이 선정되었으나 혼동행렬 분석 결과 정상오분류가 적은 RF모델이 선택되었다. RF모델(식 생지수 : RE/Blue, NSI, GDVI, Green/Blue, 파라미터 : max_depth=6, n_estimators=100)은 OA=0.81, KC=0.60, precision=0.86, recall=0.81, F1 score=0.80의 성능을 나타내었다. 대찬은 EXT모델(식생지수 : YVI, RE/Green, 2YVI, 파라미터 : max_depth=8, n_estimators=10)이 선정되 었고, OA=0.86, KC=0.72, precision=0.86, recall=0.86, F1 score=0.86의 성능을 나타내었다.

PURPOSES : LED based Variable Message Signs(VMS) have been widely used to inform safety messages to the drivers in advance. Legibility Distance of VMS is the most important factor to provide the safety messages to drivers in timely and effective way. However, current National Standards on legibility distance design considers letter size only even there is a difficulty to read the signs at adverse weather conditions such as heavy fog. So, this study examined the legibility issue under fog by evaluating the legibility distance with two design factors such as letter size and luminance. METHODS : Two foggy weather conditions, intermediate and heavy fog, were simulated at real-road-scale Proving Ground. Legibility distance at daytime and nighttime was evaluated by test subjects. Subjects were asked to fill the legible distance on the test sheet and statistical significant was analysed at the lab. RESULTS : The legibility distance(LD) under fog was observed only 22 to 41% of LD observed under normal weather condition at daytime, and 26 to 45% at nighttime condition. Study results showed a consistent increase in LD with higher luminance even at same letter size and vice versa conditions, However, statically significant difference between groups was only revealed when both letter size and luminance level increased conditions. In order to apply the test results in terms of engineering benefits, LD results from significantly different groups was evaluated with relative to Stopping Sight Distance(SSD) within conceptual frame suggested in this study. CONCLUSIONS : From the study results, current National Standard on legibility distance design needs to consider letter size and luminance simultaneously to response the legibility issue in adverse weather conditions.

Research is currently being conducted in the field of carbon reduction–related construction technologies, focusing on using industrial waste as a replacement for cement or as aggregates. However, the existing research is limited as carbon reduction is only achieved by reducing the amount of cement used. With the imperative of carbon neutrality, the development of carbon reduction technology is also necessary in the construction field. To address this, we plan to develop carbon reduction technology by introducing biochar—a carbon-sequestration material—into construction practices. Therefore, this study aims to comprehend the effect of the carbonization degree of biochar on the hydration reaction of cement, emphasizing the development of carbon-sequestration construction technology. Therefore, physical and chemical properties, such as surface and crystal structures, were analyzed to determine the effect of varying carbonization degrees on cement composites, contributing valuable insights into the broader field of sustainable construction.