In most tissues, apoptosis plays a pivotal role in normal development and in regulation of cell number. Therefore inappropriate apoptosis is revealed in a variety of diseases. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of acupuncture and needle electrode electrical stimulation on the change of caspase-3, 9 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactive cells in the sprague dawley rats (SD rat). In immobilized SD rats (n=5), enhanced caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression were detected in the reticular part of substantia nigra, and enhanced nNOS was detected in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (DL-PAG) of midbrain and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus using immunohistochemistry. Following the immobilization, acupuncture (n=5) and needle electrode electrical stimulation (n=5, 2 Hz) was applied at Hg (LI4) acupoint of SD rats, respectively. The stress-induced enhancement in the expression of caspase-3, 9 and nNOS were The present results demonstrate that and needle electrode electrical stimulation are effective in the modulation of expression of caspase-3, 9 and nNOS induced by immobilization.

유기농업을 수행해온 배추와 무의 근권토양과 관행농법의 근권토양 및 비경작지 토양으로부터 토양시료를 채취하여 선충의 밀도를 조사하고, 토양내 유익선충인 곤충병원성 선충의 분포상황을 검토하였다. 경작지 토양 내 선충 분포율이 비경작지에 비하여 높았고, 유기농업 토양이 관행농업 토양보다 선충의 밀도가 높게 나타났다. 선충의 정량적 평가법으로 직접계수법과 MPN 법을 비교 조사한 결과 MPN법이 신속하고 정확한 방법임이 확인되었다. 각 토양으로부터 분리된 곤충

Risk assessment traditionally are conducted on individual chemicals; however, humans are exposed to multiple chemicals in daily life. The organophosphotus (OP) pesticides are considered in a single risk assessment because they act by a common mechanism of toxicity, and there is likely to be expose to multiple OP pesticides simultaneously or sequentially. The OP pesticides act by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and have available extensive database. AChE is widely distributed droughout the body, most importantly in the nervous system. Inhibition of AChE results in accumulation of acetylcholine in the nervous system that results in clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity, including increased salivation and lacrimation, nausea and vomiting, muscle fasciculation, lethargy and fatigue, among others. To conduct an exposure assessment for pesticides in the diet, we need to know the food consumption patterns of the population, and the pesticide residue levels in the foods that are consumed. This study was conducted to identify cumulative dietary risk due to multiple OP pesticides that can be exposed through various foods. Total 22 food samples including cereals, vegetables and fruits were collected randomly two times from food markets in several sites (4 cities). The subjected foods were selected by regarding of highly consumed foods to general Korean people. The 12 OP pesticides including Acephate, Azinphos-methyl, Chlorpyrifos, and Diazinon were monitored. For the exposure assessment, general adult group of 60 kg body weight was regarded as target population and food consumption data suggested by Lee et al. (2000) were used as consumed value of individual food Analyses of samples for OP pesticides have been carried out according to the multiclass multiresidue analysis method and acephate and methamidophos analysis method of Korea Food Code. In general the levels of OP pesticides found in the food samples were very low or not detected. The detected highest value was 0.282 ppm as methidathion in mandarin and acephate, chlorpyrifos, methamidophos and methidathion were detected in several foods. To quantify simultaneous exposure, toxic equivalency factor of proportionately corresponding potency giving decreased AChE activity on the basis of reference dose 0.3 ㎍/kg/day to the chlorpyrifos was applied. The estimated dietary daily intake of OP pesticide was 4.52 × 10^(-2) ㎍/kg/day as mean value. The hazard index (HI) is the sum for OP pesticides being considered together was 0.15. The HI less than 1 indicates the exposure may be lower than an acceptable level.

경기도 화성군 남양지역과 안산시 탄도지역에 분포하는 두 퇴적분지는 백악기(80-90Ma) 퇴적분지로서 10개의 암상과 5개의 상조합으로 구분된다. 상조합 I은 괴상 역암상, 정상점이층리 역암상, 역점이층리 역암상으로 구성되어 있으며 충적선상지에서 암설류와 판류에 의해 퇴적된 것으로 해석된다. 상조합 II는 괴상 이암상, 괴상 사암상, 엽층리 사암상, 괴상 역암상으로 구성되어 있으며 충적선상지와 망상평원 환경에서 판류와 부유 퇴적에 의해 퇴적된 것으로 해석된다. 상조합 III은 괴상 이암상, 엽층리 이암상, 괴상 사암상과 호층을 이루는 하도 역암으로 구성되어 있으며, 범람원에서 홍수시에 부유 퇴적과 하도 메꿈작용에 의해 퇴적된 것으로 해석된다. 상조합 IV는 괴상 역암상, 정상점이층리 역암상, 괴상 사암상, 정상점이층리 사암상, 엽층리 사암상, 호층을 이루는 이암상으로 구성되어 있으며, 선상지 삼각주에서 암설류와 저탁류에 의해서 퇴적된 것으로 보인다. 상조합 V는 괴상 이암상, 엽층리 이암상, 엽층리 사암상, 호층을 이루는 괴상 역암상으로 구성되어 있으며, 호수에서 부유 퇴적과 저밀도 저탁류에 의해 퇴적된 것으로 보인다. 남양분지에서 상조합 I은 분지의 동쪽과 남쪽 부분에 분포하며, 상조합 II는 남북의 대상 분포를 이루며 분지의 중앙부에 분포하고, 상조합 III은 분지의 서쪽부분에 분포한다. 탄도분지에서 상조합 II는 분지 동쪽 중앙부와 북서쪽에 분포하고, 상조합 IV는 분지 남서부에 그리고 상조합 V는 분지 중앙부에 분포한다. 상조합 대비는 남양분지에서 상조합 I과 II는 층서적으로 하부에 그리고 상조합 III은 상부에 분포하고, 탄도분지에서 상조합 II와 IV는 하부에 그리고 IV와 V는 상부에 분포함을 보여준다. 이러한 암상분포 양상은 남양분지는 처음에는 충적선상지와 충적선상지평원/망상평원이 교호하다가 범람원으로 발전하였으며, 탄도분지는 처음에는 선상지 삼각주와 충적평원/망상평원이 교호하며 발달했다가 나중에는 호수환경에서 발전한것으로 해석된다.

This study was performed to determine optimum level of ethanol intake with weanling male rats. The weanling rats and the experimental diets were divided into 5 groups, control, A, B, C, D group in according to the levels of ethanol intake for 10 weeks. In the result of their serum analyses, we suggest that an adequate intake of ethanol is 1.47ml/kg/day. If body weight of any man is 60kg, he can drink about 90ml(1.47*60=88.2) ethanol/day. It corresponds to 360ml [90=360*(25/100)] of 25% SOJU.

Obstacle avoidance is one of the most important parts of autonomous mobile robot. In this study, we proposed safe and efficient local path planning of robot for obstacle avoidance. The proposed method detects and tracks obstacles using the 3D depth information of an RGB-D sensor for path prediction. Based on the tracked information of obstacles, the paths of the obstacles are predicted with probability circle-based spatial search (PCSS) method and Gaussian modeling is performed to reduce uncertainty and to create the cost function of caution. The possibility of collision with the robot is considered through the predicted path of the obstacles, and a local path is generated. This enables safe and efficient navigation of the robot. The results in various experiments show that the proposed method enables robots to navigate safely and effectively.

The cultivation area of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) has been increased for oil production and landscaping purpose in Korea. However, as the color of rapeseed flower is very simple, diversified flower color is necessary to improve landscape effect. Interspecific and intergeneric crosses between rapeseed (Brassica napus) and three Cruciferae crops were performed in order to grow diverse flower color of rapeseed. The silique formation rate of interspecific cross rapeseed with cabbage (B. oleracea L) was relatively high (65.8%) and higher than intergeneric cross with rapeseed and radish (Raphanus sativus L.), rapeseed and Orychophragmus, respectively. During silique developing period after artificial pollination, there were many siliques without seeds due to the failure of fertilization. The average number of seed per silique obtained from cross rapeseed and cabbage, rapeseed and radish, rapeseed and O. violaceus were 0.12, 0.4 and 0.12, respectively. The phenotypes of F1 hybrid plants from cross rapeseed and Cruciferae crops were mostly similar to maternal line, but leaf length and leaf width were increased. The interspecific cross of rapeseed and cabbage generated ivory color of flower which is the medium color of parents, and intergeneric cross of rapeseed and O. violaceus created entities with larger flowers which seems to enhance landscape effect. The fatty acid composition of most hybrid seeds intermediated of the two parents for oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, content. Whereas hybrid of rapeseed and radish produced less erucic acid than radish parent.

A new small red bean cultivar, ‘Geomguseul’, was artificially crossed between ‘Chilbo’ and ‘SA8412-3-1-4-3-3-2-3’ in 1998, fixed excellent agronomic characters by pedigree breeding method, and selected for the further trials with the name of ‘Miryang 10’. It was prominent and showed good result, such as high grain quality, lodging resistance, and high-antioxidant activity in the regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) for three years from 2009 to 2011 and released for the public consumption as the name of ‘SA9801-24-4-3-1’ in 2011. ‘Geomguseul’ has a semi-determinate growth habit, yellow flower, green embryonic axis, black seed coat, white hilum, and small spherical seed (12.2 grams per 100 seeds). The average yield of ‘Geomguseul’ was 2.01 MT/ha in the regional yield trials (RYT) carried out for three years from 2009 to 2011 which was a little higher than that (1.98 MT/ha) of the check variety, ‘Chungju’.

Background: Small particles increase airway inflammation upon reaching the alveoli. Here, we investigated the protective or therapeutic effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SP_R) extracts on airway inflammation. Methods and Results: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of SP_R extracts, we measured their inhibitory effect on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression of inflammatory mediators, and immune cell infiltration in MH-S alveolar macrophage cells and in the ambient particulate matter (APM)-exposed airway inflammation mice model. The SP_R extracts inhibited the production of ROS and expression of IL-4, IL-10, IL-15, and IL-17A mRNA in APM-stimulated MH-S cells. Oral administration of SP_R extracts suppressed APM-induced inflammatory symptoms, such as high alveolar wall thickness, excess collagen fibers, decreased mRNA expression of chemokines (Ccr9, Ccl5, Ccr3), inflammatory cytokines (IL-15, TNF-α), and IL-4 Th2 cytokine in the lung. The SP_R extracts also inhibited ROS production, granulocyte (CD11b+Gr-1+) infiltration, IL-17A, TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein (Mip-2), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl-1) production in the airway. The specific compounds in the SR-R extracts that mediate the anti-inflammatory effects were identified. Conclusions: In this study, SP_R extracts effectively inhibited airway inflammatory responses, such as ROS production and granulocyte infiltration into the airway, by regulating the expression of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines.

최근 도시 인구의 증가에 따라 하수 및 분뇨 발생량이 증가하고 있으며, 다양한 오염원으로부터 유입되는 하수에는 질병을 유발할 수 있는 다양한 병원성 미생물이 존재한다고 알려져 있다. 하수처리를 위한 다양한 공정에서는 미생물을 포함하고 있는 bioaerosol이 발생할 수 있으며, 하수 및 분뇨에 포함된 병원성 박테리라 등을 포함하고 있을 가능성이 높다. 따라서 호흡을 통해 하수처리장의 근무자 및 주변 주민에게 위해를 가할 수 있으므로, bioaerosol의 발생 특성 및 감소에 관한 연구가 필요한 현실이다. 하수처리공정 중 bioaerosol이 발생하는 대표적인 환경으로는 활성 슬러지 공정이 있으며, 폭기조에서의 대량 폭기로 인한 높은 농도의 bioaerosol이 발생한다고 알려져 있다. 최근에는 기존의 재래식 활성슬러지 공정(CAS, Conventional Activated Sludge)보다 소요 면적이 적고, 고농도의 미생물 농도를 유지하고 있어 수질 처리 효율이 좋은 호기성 MBR(Membrane bioreactor)의 사용이 증대되고 있다. 그러나 호기성 MBR은 고농도의 미생물 농도 유지 및 멤브레인의 파울링 감소를 위해서는 많은 양의 공기 폭기를 유지해야하므로, 상대적으로 높은 농도의 bioaerosol의 발생이 한정된 공간에서 이루어질 것으로 예상된다. 호기성 MBR의 특성상 운전 조건에 따라서 반응기 내 미생물의 농도 및 특성이 달라질 것이며, 이에 따라 bioaerosol의 발생량 및 특성도 영향을 받을 것으로 예상된다. 그러나 국내에서는 하수처리 과정 중 호기성 MBR 공정에서의 bioaerosol 발생에 관한 연구가 전무하며, 이에 대한 기초 연구 및 발생량 감소를 위한 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 하수처리장 MBR 공정에서 운전 조건에 따른 반응기 내 미생물 농도 및 특성을 확인하고, bioaerosol 발생량을 비교하고자 하였다. 더불어 bioaerosol 발생량을 저감할 수 있는 방안에 대한 연구를 추가적으로 진행하고자 하였다.

To fit the market demands for functional rice such as black and red color rice, ‘Sugary’a high free sugar content line was backcrossed to the black rice ‘Milyang152. The pedigree method was adapted in selection and generation advance. A high polyphenol content line, YR19646-3-2-1-1-2-2 showing red pericarp was selected and designed as ‘Milyang234’ followed by variety name ‘Geonganghongmi’ in 2010. Heading date of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was Aug. 19, medium-late maturing cultivar. ‘Geonganghongmi’ showed resistance to leaf blast and rice stripe virus while susceptible to major diseases and insects. The total polyphenol content of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was high as much as 24.2mg/g compare to that of 4.9mg/g of ‘Nampyeongbyeo’ and 17.2mg/g of a red pericarp rice ‘Jeogjinju’ at 70% ethanol extraction conditions. In local adaptability tests, yield of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was 4.5MT/ha about 86% of ‘Nampyeongbyeo’ and 102% of ‘Jeogjinju’, respectively. ‘Geonganghongmi’ is suitable for southern and middle plain area of Korea.

Blast resistance of 29 rice cultivars confirmed as a durable resistance in the evaluation of sequential planting from 2004 to 2006 was evaluated to nursery screening in 14 test sites during 11 years in Korea. The average disease severity (ADS) of 29 rice varieties against rice blast showed 3.5 degree; however, the difference of disease severity among the varieties was from 1.9 to 4.8. The 29 varieties were grouped into resistance less than 3.0 ADS degree including 12 varieties and moderate resistance over 3.1 ADS degree including 17 varieties. Among the 12 rice cultivars presented low ADS, 4 rice cultivars, Ungwang, Pungmi 1, Sinunbong 1, and Dasan 1 were constantly appeared high resistant reaction during 11 years in all test sites and the others were showed various diseases severity across the test years and the test sites. Twenty-one rice cultivars including Gopum were more variable among the test sites while the others were higher variable among the test years. These results indicated that durable resistance test against rice blast using sequential planting is a very efficient screening method to predict durability and nursery test for long periods and also useful method to predict indirectly durable resistance of rice cultivars.

A new small red bean cultivar, ‘Arari’, was artificially crossed between ‘SA9411-2B-1-1-2’ and ‘Suweon38’ in 1997, fixed excellent agronomic characters by pedigree breeding method, and selected for the further trials with the name of 'Milyang 8'. It was prominent and showed good result, such as high grain quality, Lodging resistance, and high yielding, from the regional adaptation yield trials (RYT) for three years from 2009 to 2011 and released for the public consumption as the name of ‘Arari’in 2011. ‘Arari’ has a semi-determinate growth habit, yellow flower, green embryonic axis, dark red seed coat, white hilum, and small spherical seed (13.1 grams per 100 seeds). The average yield of ‘Arari’ was 2.05 MT/ha in the regional yield trials (RYT) carried out for three years from 2009 to 2011 which was a little higher than that (1.99 MT/ha) of check variety, ‘Chungju’.

We investigated the physicochemical properties and starch structure of various rice varieties including 15 colored cultivars. NKHC showed the highest level of protein, lipid, and total dietary fiber levels. Reddish brown rice showed higher lipid content than that in black rice cultivars. Apparent amylose content of waxy and non-waxy colored rice varieties was within the range of 3~5% and 15~18%, respectively. IP exhibited the highest total starch (TS) content, whereas, NKHC and HJJ showed lower TS content than that in other cultivars. Pasting temperature of all colored rice cultivars, except IP, was about 68°C. Peak viscosity of IP, JJJ, Hong, and GGHM showed high values of 138, 130, 128, and 124, respectively. All the colored rice cultivars presented A-type X-ray diffraction pattern and polygonal shapes of starch granules were observed using scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Major groups of amylopectin chain lengths were B (12 < DP ≤ 24) and A (DP ≤ 12). SMHC showed the highest B chain content and the lowest A chain content (P < 0.05). These experimental results provided useful information for scientists and the food industry regarding colored rice starches.

잠입 액션 게임은 크게 적을 공격해 잠입하거나 적의 시야를 회피하는 두 가지 방식으로 진 행된다. 최근의 잠입 액션 게임은 높은 액션의 비중으로 전면대결의 빈도가 높아져 다른 액션 게임 장르와의 경계가 흐려졌다. 본 논문에서는 플레이어를 약자의 위치에 두어 액션을 이용한 잠입이 아닌 회피를 이용한 잠입을 주된 특징으로 하는 게임을 제작하고 그 제작과정을 기술한 다. 회피를 위한 주요 요소로 빛을 선택해 적의 시야를 차단하여 회피하는 것을 주된 플레이 방법으로 삼았고 액션 요소를 추가하기 위해 다양한 프로토타입을 제작하여 테스터들에게 플레 이하도록 하는 플레이 테스트를 거쳤고, 그 결과 제한된 상황에서의 액션이 선택되었으며, 잠입 에 영향을 주는 사용자 인테페이스 중 미니맵, 입력 장치가 추가, 수정되었다. 잠입을 이용한 게임 제작 시 결정된 여러 사항들을 살펴보고 그 결정과정의 경험을 기술한다.

This paper investigated the thermal and mechanical properties of high-volume fly ash concrete for potential application in mass concrete.

‘단미’는 국립식량과학원에서 1994년 당질미 유전자원인 ‘Sugary’를 모본으로 하고, 재배 안정성이 높은 ‘섬진벼’를 부본으로 인공교배하여 육성한 품종으로 현미의 유리당 함량 이 높으며 중부 및 영호남 내륙 평야 1모작지에 적응하는 중 만생 기능성 품종이다. ‘단미’의 간장은 86 cm로 ‘남평벼’보 다 12 cm 정도 큰 편이며, 이삭당 착립수가 적고 등숙비율 및 현미천립중은 각각 11.3% 및 16.1 g으로 매우 낮은 편이다. ‘단미’는 좌절중이 적고 3절 간장은 큰 편으로서 도복지수가 높으나 천립중이 가벼워 도복은 발생하지 않았으며 수발아는 약한 편이다. 내병충검정에서 도열병 및 흰잎마름병과 줄무늬 잎마름병, 오갈병 및 검은줄오갈병 등 바이러스 및 벼멸구와 애멸구 등 병해충에 대한 저항성은 없다. ‘단미’의 현미 유리당 함량은 Fructose, Glucose, Sucrose, Maltose, 및 Raffinose 가 각각 1.16, 7.87, 9.69, 0.52, 및 2.13%로 ‘남평벼’의 총 유 리당 함량 3.33%에 비해 6.5배 정도 높은 21.73%의 총 유리 당 함량을 보였다. 수량성은 2006년부터 2008년 3개년간 실 시한 지역적응시험 보통기 보비재배 6개소에서 현미 수량은 2.7 MT/ha로서 일반 메벼인 ‘남평벼’ 대비 약 52% 수준을 보였다(품종 등록번호: 01-0001-2010-6).