현재 파의 육종 및 채종 수분을 위해 파리류를 사용하고 있으나, 먹이구입 곤란, 악취 등 비 위생문제로 수분에 어려움이 많다. 따라서, 파의 F1 채종에 적합한 수분 곤충을 선발하기 위하여 파리류를 비롯한 서양뒤영벌, 머리뿔가위벌, 꿀벌, 연두금 파리에 대하여 화분매개능력을 조사하였다. 육종용 대파의 교배순화를 위한 자식 케이지(Ø=0.4m, h=0.5m) 내에서 화구수정률을 조사한 결과, 파리류가 다른 실험 곤충보다 3-4배 많았음에도 불구하고 서양뒤영벌은 파리류와 같은 화구수정률을 보였으며, 다른 3가지 곤충은 화구수정률이 저조하였다. 또한 소화수정률 및 종자 수의 경우에서도 뒤영벌 방사구가 대조인 파리류와 유사한 수준을 보여 자식케이 지에서의 육종용 파의 수분에는 뒤영벌을 이용하는 것이 효율적이라고 생각된다. 채종용 파에 뒤영벌을 화분매개곤충으로 사용하기위해 자식케이지내 적정한 뒤영 벌의 수를 조사한 결과, 뒤영벌 일벌 10-15마리내외가 효율적이라고 판단된다. 또 한 설탕물의 공급여부에 따라서 일벌수명에 약 4배정도의 차이가 있어 파에서 뒤 영벌의 봉군관리를 위해서는 설탕물을 공급하주는 것이 반드시 필요하다고 생각 된다.

A major purpose of management or occupational safety is a significant decrease in safety accidents. With this view, the establishment of occupational safety culture and the building of occupational communication network stand out as being more important than the past. This study has analysed the positive effects of occupational safety communication on safety consciousness and action of the employees in workplace. And it is confirmed that the occupational safety communication in workplace is the essential mechanism, through which the workers internalize safety consciousness and act safely. The safety consciousness and action of the employees are formed in safety culture, which is not only legal regulations, but a daily communication network in workplace. In these sense, the building of the occupational safety communication network is decisive for the establishment of safety culture. For these reasons, this study makes the proposition that a firm promotion of occupational communication network is necessary, which connects the safety culture and a effective safety management in workplace.

Bumblebees are widely used to pollinate crops in greenhouses and fields. Here we firstly developed an apparatus for the oviposition induction of the bumblebee Bombus ignitus using electricity. The apparatus consists of boxes for colony initiation, part of temperature control, part of heat transfer, and moving shelf. The result shows that the rates of oviposition and colony foundation in the newly developed apparatus are respectively 3.9% and 5.2% higher than in the existing apparatus using hot water. More importantly, the newly developed apparatus is 75% cheaper in costs and can more save energy than existing apparatus. These results indicate that the newly developed apparatus could serve as an effective apparatus for the oviposition induction of B. ignitus.

About 50,000 hives of Bombus terrestris are used for pollination of tomato and other economical crops (fruit vegetables and fruit trees) in Korea. Therefore this study was conducted to find out the effective use of B. terrestris and its economic effect in the major beefsteak-tomato cultivation areas from February to August in 2008. The pollinating activities, rate of bite-mark and lifespan of B. terrestris"s hive according to all beefsteak-tomato varieties (Super Momotaro, Zeus42, Mascara and Super Sunroad, 500 ㎡, 9,600～12,000plants) were apparent by regular supplement of pollen (5～6g/3 days) to the hive of B. terrestris. Especially, Super Momotaro and Super Sunroad variety were most distinctive in the effects by regular pollen supplement.

Safety is totally established through not only legal regulations and system but the establishment of safety culture. As a foundation of safety culture, safety and health communication is the essential condition. Therefore, in the case of researching safety culture the communication network of a organization is a crucial factor. This study has analysed the structure of occupational safety and health communication between domestic and foreign corporations comparatively by the statistical analysis. The occupational safety and health communication is composed of four sub-dimensions: general communication in working site, using safety information communication, communication with the board of directors, and communication with labor union. The nationality of corporations influences the safety communication significantly except for communication with labor union. Consequently it is possible to infer that the nationality of corporations is a significant factor for safety communication network.

This study was surveyed the effects by pollinating activity of Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris released in the paprika vinyl-houses. The foraging activity and behaviour of A. mellifera and B. terrestris visited on the paprika flowers were nearly alike. The pick times of pollinating activity by A. mellifera and B. terrestris were showed the hightest at 11:00 and 15:00, and 09:00 to 11:00, respectively. The rate of fruit set by A. mellifera and B. terrestris released for pollinating paprika were same level with 94%, and these rate were higher than the fruit setting rate which was 92% by fan operated. The qualities of paprika produced by pollinators released were higher than those by fan operated. And weight per fruit, number of seeds per fruit and economical profit per 2,310 ㎡ were over 10% higher than those by fan operated. Therefore the economical effects by the pollinating activities of A. mellifera and B. terrestris released in the paprika vinyl-houses were obviously demonstrated.

자두에서 꿀벌의 활동은 온도 13℃ 이상으로 상승하고 조도 그리고 자외선량이 증가하는 오전 10:00부터 14:00사이에 주로 활동하며, 활동정점은 14:00경이었다. 서양뒤영벌은 보다 이른 시간인 오전 08:00부터 활발하게 활동하여 10:00경에 활동정점에 도달하였으며, 18:00까지 활발하게 활동하였다. 머리뿔가위벌은 온도가 17℃정도에서 활동정점에 도달하였고, 온도와 조도 자외선의 영향을 가장 많이 받았다. 꿀벌의 방화시간은 화밀채집봉과 화분채집봉 그리고 화밀과 화분 동시 채집봉이 각각 3.6초와 2.2초 그리고 5.6초로서 차이가 뚜렷하였으나, 서양뒤영벌은 2.8초로서 꿀벌의 화분채집봉 2.2초와 같았으며, 머리뿔가위벌은 3.6초로서 꿀벌의 화밀채집봉 3.6초와 같았다. 착과율은 꿀벌과 서양뒤영벌 그리고 머리뿔가위벌방사구가 각각 10.4%, 9.9%, 10.1%로서 동일한 수준이었고, 자연수분구 7.8%보다는 2.1～2.6% 높았다. 그러나 무처리구는 전혀 착과가 되지 않았다. 자두의 과중과 과폭은 처리구별로 차이가 없었으며, 과장은 자연수분구가 화분매개곤충방사구보다 긴 편이었다. 당도와 산도는 자연수분구가 화분매개곤충방사구보다 높았고, 경도는 서양뒤영벌방사구가 다른 처리구에 비하여 낮은 편이었다. 과일의 색상 중에 밝기, 적색도와 노란색도는 각각 56～59nm, -0.75～2.06nm 그리고 35.64～36.69nm로서 적색도보다는 황색도가 높은 편이었다. 10a당 생산물의 경제적 이익은 꿀벌방사구와 머리뿔가위벌방사구가 자연수분구 보다 1%와 3% 많았으나, 서양뒤영벌방사구는 자연수분구와 동일한 결과를 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 화분매개곤충을 방사할 경우 자연수분구보다 착과율이 높았고, 10a당 이익이 약간 발생하였다.

비 휴면 개체를 계대 선발하기 위하여 인공월동이나 CO2 처리 등과 같은 인위적인 휴면처리를 하지 않은 서양뒤영벌(Bombus terrestris) 여왕벌의 산란과 봉군발육 특성을 CO2 처리한 여왕벌과 비교하여 조사하였다. 산란율은 비 휴면 처리구에서 90.9%로 CO2 처리구 보다 높게 나타났으며, 첫산란 소요일수는 20.6일로 CO2 처리구 보다 길게 나타나 효율측면에서 다소 다른 경향을 보였다. 성충의 우화율은 일벌과 여왕벌의 출현에 있어서 비 휴면 처리구가 CO2 처리구보다 각각 50마리, 34마리로 높은 경향을 보였다. 계속해서 비 휴면처리 1세대 여왕벌에서 우화한 2세대 여왕벌과 CO2 처리구에서 우화한 2세대 여왕벌을 비 휴면 공시충으로 처리하여 산란율과 봉군특성을 조사하였다. 앞선 1세대 비 휴면 처리구에서 우화한 여왕벌의 산란율과 첫산란소요일수가 각각 66.0%와 23.7일로 1세대 처리구에서 우화한 여왕벌과 비교하여 효율이 낮게 나타났다. 성충 출현율과 출현수에 있어서도 1세대 비휴면 처리구에서 우화한 여왕벌이 산란한 봉군에서 각각 일벌과 여왕벌 28.0%, 8.0%, 14.8마리, 2.0마리로 처리구보다 효율이 현저히 떨어지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과는 1세대 뒤영벌의 경우 CO2처리구보다 오히려 비 휴면처리구가 산란특성 과 봉군발육에서 다소 우수한 경향을 보여 경제적 효율이 높은 것으로 판단되었지만, 그 이후의 2세대에서는 모든 조사항목에서 효율이 현저히 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 여왕벌 생존율에 있어서도 같은 경향으로 1세대 비 휴면 처리구가 CO2 처리구보다 시기별로 생존율이 낮아 대량증식을 위한 여왕벌의 계대사육에 있어서 휴면처리 효율은 매우 높은 것으로 판단된다.

We compared colony development and survival rate after artificial hibernation between the bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, produced from domestic and foreign companies. The number of worker and queen produced from foundation colony of three domestic and one foreign companies was 232.4-270.8 and 62.0-181.8, respectively, but there was no statistical difference. in colony development of B. terrestris queens which were terminated diapause by CO₂ narcosis at different companies, oviposition rate, colony foundation and progeny-queen production of bumblebees produced from domestic companies were superior to those from foreign company. But foreign company in the number of worker and queen was superior to domestic companies. On the other hand, survival rate and colony development of B. terrestris queens, which were terminated diapause by artificial hibernation at three domestic and two foreign companies, were no significant differences. These results indicate that oviposition, colony foundation, progeny-queen production, and survival rate after artificial hibernation showed no differences between the bumblebees produced from domestic and foreign companies.

This study was planned to investigate what the main factor of the regulation compliance of inspection on harmful machine, instrument and equipment by industrial safety and health act is. This study subject was composed of three groups as employers, employees of manufacturing and using the harmful machine and safety inspectors. Manufacturing workplace were 236 places, using workplace were 201 places and the safety inspectors were 100 people. The study subject was sampled by stratified random sampling considering the type of harmful Machine. Data for analysis is collected from each sample using interview with structured questionnaires. Compliance is measured by 2, 3, and 4 point scale composed by 8 sub items such as general perception, understanding, clearness, necessity, relevancy, implementation, penalty, and general compliance of the regulation. The level of 8 items of employer's compliance are not differentiated among three groups. The determining factors for inspection observance of the workplace using the harmful Machine were understanding, penalty and cognized compliance. The determining factors for inspection observance of the workplace manufacturing the harmful Machine were understanding and object conformity. These results show that the strategy to adapt the regulated group to inspection regulation will be the elevation of understanding for regulation first of all.

We compared the fruit set and the quality of the ‘Niitaka’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) among flowers pollinated by two bee species (Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris) and pollinated artificial. The artificial pollination rate was 1.3 to 1.9 times higher than the bee pollination rate. Moreover, the artificially pollinated flowers produced fruit that was 5 to 10% higher in weight, 2 to 3% larger in size, and had a higher fruit shape index (L/D) than fruit pollinated by the bees. On economic analysis, net profit from insect pollinator was 93.5 to 97.1% of net profit from artificial pollination. Therefore, artificial pollination is more efficient than bee pollination in ‘Niitaka’ pear. However, regarding fruit quality and net profit, these results suggest that bee pollination can be an good alternative to artificial pollination in ‘Niitaka’ pear.