배추는 국내 생산 엽채류 중 재배면적 및 생산량이 가장 높은 비중을 차지하는 중요한 작물이다. 농촌인구 감소 및 고령화는 농촌 노동력 부족으로 이어지고 이는 배추 생산력 감소의 원인이 되고 있다. 배추 수확은 대부분 인력에 의존하고 있으며, 노동력 절감과 생산성 향상을 위한 관리 및 수확을 위한 배추 수확기가 개발되고 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 견인형 자주식 배추 수확기 견인 고리 설계단계에서 구조해석을 실시하여 최대 응력, 변형량, 안전계수를 도출하여 안정성을 높이는 데 있다. 수집부에 배추가 최대 적재 시 발생하는 하중을 기준으로 하중의 각도, 견인 고리의 높이를 변경하여 구조해석을 실시하였다. 수집부 부착 견인 고리의 경우 최소 높이에서 최대 응력 608.38 MPa, 최대 변형량 3.14e-3 mm, 최소 안전계수 0.78이 도출되었으며, 배추 수확기 부착 견인 고리의 경우 최소 높이에서 최대 응력 835.76 MPa, 최대 변형량 4.74e-3 mm, 최소 안전계수 0.48이 도출되었다. 마지막으로 힌지핀의 경우 중간 높이에서 최대 응력 373.46 MPa, 최대 변형량 2.12e-3 mm, 최소 안전계수 1.23이 도출되었다. 최대 응력 지점을 제외한 대부분은 안전계수가 1보다 높았다. 따라서 제작 단계에서는, 최대 응력 지점을 보강하여 견인 고리에 대한 구조적 안정성을 높일 필요성이 있다.

The recent increase in earthquake activities has highlighted the importance of seismic performance evaluation for civil infrastructures. In particular, the container crane essential to maintaining the national logistics system with port operation requires an exact evaluation of its seismic response. Thus, this study aims to assess the seismic vulnerability of container cranes considering their seismic characteristics. The seismic response of the container crane should account for the structural members’ yielding and buckling, as well as the crane wheel’s uplifting derailment in operation. The crane’s yielding and buckling limit states were defined using the stress of crane members based on the load and displacement curve obtained from nonlinear static analysis. The derailment limit state was based on the height of the rail, and nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed to obtain the seismic fragility curves considering defined limit states and seismic characteristics. The yield and derailment probabilities of the crane in the near-fault ground motion were approximately 1.5 to 4.7 and 2.8 to 6.8 times higher, respectively, than those in the far-fault ground motion.

본 연구에서는 자외선 살균기의 미생물 오염 상태를 분 석하고 위생관리 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 실험에 사 용된 자외선 살균기는 전라남도 소재 일부 보육시설 98곳 의 자외선 살균기를 대상으로 하였다. 일반세균 및 대장 균군은 식품공전 미생물 시험법에 따라 실험하였다. 일반 세균은 98개 보육시설 중 67개소(68.4%), 대장균군은 5개 소(5.1%)에서 검출되었다. 식중독세균 실험 결과 Salmonella spp. 등 6종의 식중독세균은 검출되지 않았지만 B. cereus 는 98개 보육시설 중 1개소(2.8%)에서 검출되었다. 자외선 램프 교체 주기에 따른 일반세균 검출율은 3개월 이내 가 6개 보육시설 중 3개소(50%), 3개월 이상 6개월 이내 가 5개 보육시설 중 3개소(60%), 6개월 이상이 87개 보육 시설 중 61개소(70.1%)로 나타났다. 대장균군 검출율은 6 개월 이내에는 검출되지 않았으나 6개월 이상이 87개 보 육시설 중 5개소(5.7%)로 나타났다. 자외선 살균기의 미 생물 오염도는 램프 교체 주기가 길어질수록 미생물 오염 도가 높게 나타났다. 또한 자외선 램프 교체 주기가 6개 월 이상인 87개 보육시설 중 23개소(26.4%)의 자외선 살 균기 반사판에는 물기가 있고 청소상태가 불량한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때 보육시설에서 사 용 중인 자외선 살균기의 위생관리를 위해 주기적인 청소 와 자외선 램프 교체가 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 보 육시설 급식담당자들에게 자외선 살균기 청결과 램프 교 체에 대한 지속적인 교육이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

Purpose: This qualitative study aimed to understand and describe teachers' experiences of early childhood sex education. Methods: For data collection, in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 early childhood teachers working at daycare centers until the data were saturated. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using the qualitative thematic analysis method suggested by Braun and Clarke. Results: Although early childhood teachers recognized the necessity of sex education for children, they experienced difficulties in imparting sex education in daycare centers. Teachers lacked confidence because they themselves had not received proper education related to teaching sex education. It was confirmed that sex education methods and materials were lacking and outdated, and the support of educational institutions was insufficient. Teachers emphasized the importance of communication and cooperation with parents when sexual behavior problems occur in children. Conclusion: Systematic education for teachers and parents is required to raise awareness of sex education and to communicate smoothly among them.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify and understand the experience of entering graduate school in an advanced practice nursing program in the COVID-19 situation. Methods: This qualitative study used content analysis. The data collection using the focus group and in-depth interviews was conducted from February 11 to September 2, 2022. Results: Six themes and 27 subthemes emerged through the qualitative content analysis. The themes included: “Graduate school: The next step”. “Concerns prior to attending grauate school”, “Learning in the COVID-19 era: Differences between expectations and reality”, “Overcoming the challenges of graduate school”, “Education: A stepping stone to becoming a specialist”, “Changes in self and others’ perceptions”. Conclusion: This study confirmed the growth and change of nurses through the experience of entering an advanced practice nursing program in the COVID-19 era.

이 연구는 EU가 2014년 이래로 이른바 '우크라이나 분쟁'에서 어떤 역할을 했는지, 그리고 EU의 행동이 유사한 분쟁 시나리오에서 EU의 역할과 어떻게 다른지에 대한 질문에 기반을 두고 있다. 주요 결론은 EU가 우크라이나 사태에서 분쟁 관리자로서 점진적으로 진화했지만 그 럼에도 불구하고 ‘포괄적’이고 ‘통합적인’ 행위자'로서의 구상된 역할과 는 여전히 거리가 있다는 것이다. ‘정치적이고 직접적인’ 경향이 일부 관찰될 수는 있지만 그 보다는 주로 '부분적이고 간접적인' 갈등 관리 자로서의 역할을 맡고 있는 것으로 보인다. 우크라이나에서 관찰된 EU 의 새로운 실용주의, 높은 수준의 재정 투입, 국가 건설과 안보를 연계 하는 광범위한 안보화 및 현지 대표부의 역할은 EU의 행위력을 강화 한다. 이와 대조적으로, 외교안보 영역에서 회원국의 권한이 EU 권한 보다 앞선다는 사실은 이 분야 EU 영향력과 효과적인 장기적 분업에 대한 의구심을 갖게 한다.

The bones of the human body support the structures of the body and provide protection for a person’s internal organs. Bone metabolic diseases are on the rise due to a significant increase in life expectancy over a short period of time. Therefore, we investigated the osteoblast differentiation promoting and osteoclastogenesis inhibitory activities of fermented Benincasa hispida cong. (HR1901-BS, HR1901-BSaf). We evaluated the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of MC3T3-E1 mouse calvarial-derived osteoblasts. We also evaluated expression of ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), which regulate osteoblast differentiation. To assess effects on osteoclast formation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in RAW264.7 cells was analyzed. ALP activity increased by 121-136% and 140-156%, respectively in the presence of HR1901-BS and HR1901- BSaf. Expression of osteoblast differentiation factor also increased significantly. We also confirmed that HR1901-BS and HR1901-BSaf decreased TRAP activity in osteoclasts by 35-47% and 23-39%, respectively. Our results showed that fermented Benincasa hispida cong. (HR1901-BS, HR1901-BSaf) increase bone mineralization and osteoblast differentiation activity in MC3T3-E1 cells, and inhibit bone resorption activity in RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, fermented Benincasa hispida cong. (HR1901-BS, HR1901-BSaf) can be used as an effective natural resource for preventing and treating bone-related diseases.

To clarify the concepts of dialects, vernacular and regional languages used with similar meanings, this study attempted to reveal the usage patterns and concepts of these expressions based on written corpus. The written corpus of printed newspaper articles from the online Naver News Library that archived newspaper articles from 1920 to 1999 and the news article corpus crawled by the online Naver News portal from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2021 were extracted and analyzed. In particular, this paper analyzed the relationship between collates and keywords based on the corpus linguistic research methodology of the news article corpus for the past eighteen years and how they were being used in official records and press documents by corresponding with the 'dialects, vernacular, and regional languages' in socio-linguistic terms of modern Korean. The results are summarized as follows. First, the concept of linguistic norms that a dialects have terms corresponding to the words or standard languages was established after the 1930s. Second, in the library of newspaper articles published in the 20th century, dialects or vernaculars were perceived as negative objects to be removed in preparation for standard language. Third, it can be seen that the positive value judgment on 'vernacular' has increased in the corpus of news articles over the past decade. Fourth, dialects and vernacular, regional language, and standard language were used to be compatible with each other, and it can been seen that dialects were mainly used in academic contexts and vernacular were mainly used in everyday contexts. Fifth, it can be confirmed that the positive perception of standard language has been maintained in the 20th-century newspaper article corpus and the 21st-century news article corpus for the last eighteen years after the recognition of standard language.

This study was conducted to provide basic data for product development and marketing strategies for the Thai home meal replacement (HMR) market, to reflect the changing trends in household sizes in Thailand. The results of analyzing the characteristics and differences of HMR consumption behavior between single-person households and multi-person households in Thailand were as follows: It was found that single-person households use HMR to save money and for the convenience in cooking and preparation. In the preference by HMR type, multi-person households showed a higher preference for all types of products than single-person households. Thai consumers, regardless of their household size, mainly use department stores and large shopping malls to purchase HMR, and they most prefer to get information through Internet advertisements. The shelf life, quality, taste, hygiene, and freshness of HMR were the main considerations for their selection. Based on the results of this study, the Thai market requires the development of HMR products that are reasonable in terms of cost and preparation time. In addition, it is necessary to develop products that can satisfy consumer needs, such as nutritional enhancement and therapeutic foods, products that are organic, eco-friendly, cater to various menus, and address the premium segment.

Probiotic strain is known to regulate the immune system by colonizing in the intestine and interact with intestinal cell receptors of lymphoid tissue. In this study, safety of Streptococcus thermophilus KCTC14471BP and silk fibroin coating effects was evaluated with respect to mucin binding abilities and immune system modulation. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP was coated with silk fibroin by adding 1% water-soluble calcium and 0.1% silk fibroin. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP showed the high activities of leucine arylamidase and β-galactosidase. Regarding the antibiotic resistance tests, S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP was susceptible to ampicillin, vancomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP coated with silk fibroin showed the improved mucin binding ability from 16.1% to 71.3% and was confirmed to have no cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophage. S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP coated with silk fibroin showed dose-dependently significant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. These results suggested that S. thermophilus KCTC14471BP can be expected as a promising probiotic bacteria for applications to food industries such as fermentation or functional foods.

Purpose: This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding by analyzing and exploring the work experience of infection control nurses (ICNs) in response to the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data were collected from 14 ICNs, (two in in-depth interviews and 12 in groups of six) from February 19, 2021, to March 20, 2021, and were analyzed according to the content. Results: In the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, ICNs took the lead in responding to infectious diseases, where they felt pressure in doing everything. In addition, they were confused by a lack of workforce and undetailed job plans. ICNs have been exhausted by insufficient support and system, such as the lack of support in the hospital, communication with health authorities, and difficulties with patients and visitors. However, ICNs settle with the help and encouragement of those around them. For example, pride in the work that only ICN can do, change in the cooperation of hospitals, and development of ICNs’ unique method of perseverance. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, ICNs experienced structural, physical, and mental difficulties at work. Nevertheless, the study found that a driving force enabled ICNs to endure, and that to efficiently respond to new infectious diseases in the future, it is necessary to secure ICNs and strengthen them.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the nurses’ experience of the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination and understand its meaning. Methods: This study was a qualitative study using the content analysis method. The data collection period using a focus group was from October 26, 2021 to January 23, 2022. Results: The themes included: “Pressure from mandatory COVID-19 vaccination”, “Feeling relieved because the side effects are mild”, “Severe vaccine side effects cause negative emotions”, “Tolerating side effects and coping personally”, “Confusion and alienation about insufficient coping of side effects”, “Feeling skeptical about the COVID-19 vaccination policy”, “Thinking about how to build trust in the COVID-19 vaccine”. Conclusion: In the future, it is considered important to establish scientific evidence through continuous monitoring and data collection of the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination and to build trust in vaccines through transparent information disclosure.

This study investigates the effect of process stopping and restarting on the microstructure and local nanoindentation properties of 316L stainless steel manufactured via selective laser melting (SLM). We find that stopping the SLM process midway, exposing the substrate to air having an oxygen concentration of 22% or more for 12 h, and subsequently restarting the process, makes little difference to the density of the restarted area (~ 99.8%) as compared to the previously melted area of the substrate below. While the microstructure and pore distribution near the stop/restart area changes, this modified process does not induce the development of unusual features, such as an inhomogeneous microstructure or irregular pore distribution in the substrate. An analysis of the stiffness and hardness values of the nano-indented steel also reveals very little change at the joint of the stop/restart area. Further, we discuss the possible and effective follow-up actions of stopping and subsequently restarting the SLM process.

본 연구의 목적은 본 연구에서는 탄소나노튜브 기반의 신축성 직물 센서의 모양과 의복 상 부착 위치가 아동의 사지 관절 동작 센싱 성능에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 이를 통해 아동의 사지 동작 센싱에 적합한 직물 동작 센서의 요건을 규명하고자 하였다. 실험 대상 아동에게 2종의 센서 모양과 2개의 센서 부착 위치에 따라 조작된 실험복을 착의시킨 후 60 deg/sec의 속도로, 팔과 다리의 굽힘-폄 동작(60°, 90°의 동작 각도별로 10회씩 3회 반복 동작, 총 60회 동작)에 의한 직물 센서의 신장과 수축에 따른 전압의 변화량을 측정하였으며, 가속도 센서를 함께 부착하여, 센싱 결과의 일치 도를 분석함으로써 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 실험 결과 아동의 팔과 다리 동작을 가장 효율적으로 측정할 수 있는 직물 센서의 구성 요건은 장방형 모양 센서 및 관절로부터 4㎝ 아래 부위에 부착된 센서로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 아동의 사지 동작 측정에 적합한 직물 센서를 개발하고 관절동작 센싱에 적합한 센서의 모양과 의복 상 부착 위치에 대한 조건 을 분석하였으며, 의복에 통합된 유연한 직물 센서를 활용하여 인체 부위별 동작 센싱이 가능하다는 것을 규명하였다.

When compact HVAC is applied to a building, various variables exist in performing the functions of air conditioning, ventilation, and hot water supply of the building, and various experimental and empirical evaluations according to the energy performance evaluation method of the building occur. We are going to present research data for preparing domestic evaluation standards for energy evaluation methods for compact HVAC and zero-energy buildings to be applied in the future.

In this study, the following conclusions were obtained after friction stir welding of Al 6061-T651. 1) The organization of the welding unit is largely divided into four parts, the Stir zone, themal-mechanical affected zone, heat affected zone, it was confirmed that it is clearly separated into the material portion. 2) As a result of observing the hardness test results of the welding unit, the minimum hardness value was about 45Hv, which was significantly lower than the hardness of the base material about 72Hv. 3) The tensile strength of the welding part was about 2/3 compared to the tensile strength of the base material.

Purpose: This study explored and described the lived experiences of nurses in taking care of patients during COVID-19 pandemic in Korea. Methods: Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with 10 nurses who involved in COVID-19 patient care. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis. Results: Qualitative data analysis revealed three categories: ‘standing in front of the pandemic’, ‘harsh experience of caring for COVID-19 patients’, and ‘finding a way for better COVID-19 patients care’. The lived experience of nurses in caring of patients with COVID-19 infection was ‘finding the best way to provide proper care in unfamiliar and difficult pandemic situation’. Conclusion: The results illustrated the motivation, meaning, and value of pandemic care from the nurses’ perspective. Nurses felt proud of being a part of dedicated hard-working team but distressed by crumbling death without dignity and pressured by being thrown at the front-line in the COVID-19 battle. The advanced practice nurses’ hidden supports and advices were helpful for them to reinforce nursing capacity for optimal care. Nursing professionalism should be enhanced by establishing the scope of practices and providing systematic support with appropriate rewards.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the forest healing instructor's experiences of providing a forest healing program. Methods: The participants were 12 forest healing instructors who experienced managing a forest healing program at B mountain in C city. Data were collected using focus group interviews and individual in depth interviews and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. Results: As the results of this study, 5 themes and 18 sub-themes were derived. The derived 5 themes were as follows; 1. Choosing a new path as a turning point in life 2. Ambiguity as a new forest healing instructor, 3. Feeling a reward as a forest healing instructor and feeling self-healing. 4. Facing difficulties in operating forest healing programs, 5. Having on-going tasks for the establishment of forest healing programs. Conclusion: In order to provide good forest healing program, we need to develop additional education programs for enhancing professionality as a forest healing instructor and continous long term economical supports and investment for forest healing instructors by the Korea Forest Service.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the general nurses's experiences of missing patient identification. Methods: Participants were 12 nurses who experienced missing patient identification in general wards in hospitals. Data were collected with focus group interviews and individual in-depth interviews and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: As the results of this study, 128 statements, 4 themes and 13 sub-themes were derived. The four themes derived were ‘Situations that we had not to check patient identification properly’, ‘Fear and pressure from the result of missing patient identification’, ‘Feeling guilty to the results of missing patient identification’and ‘Efforts to reassuring patient identification’. Conclusion: In order to prevent the failure of patient identification, we need specialized programs to cultivate patient safety culture not only for nurses, also patients and caregivers, and all departments of hospital. We also need institutional efforts and effective hospital investment and supports for accomplishing the goal.