The facility location in designing a supply chain network is an important decision problem that gives form, structure, and shape to the entire supply chain system. Location problems involve determining the location, number, and size of the facilities to

Landfill gases (LFGs), which consists of sulfur compounds, odorous substances such as ammonia and amines, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is generated during the natural process of bacterial decomposition of organic material contained in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. The VOCs in the LFGs cannot be only decomposed easily into the soil after landfilling but they also can cause serious problems for the surrounding atmosphere, soil, and groundwater because of their toxicity. Moreover, VOCs have been identified as precursors of photochemical smog and they are toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. Furthermore, VOCs comprise a low rate of the emissions, but they can cause cancer. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the hazard causing by VOCs in LFGs. This study is aim to identify chemicals in LFGs and the hazardous evaluation by mixing between chemicals in LFGs. The selected landfill site in the study is located in Daejeon. Waste generation data were obtained from the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of South Korea. To evaluate the amount of the selected VOCs (47) among the primary disintegration models, LFGs generation model in LandGEM program was used. For the gas mixing reaction, a program called CRW 4.0 was introduced by the NOAA in the United States was used. As a result, the cumulative capacity of landfills in 2015 was estimated at 7,650,682 tons. Therefore, the total LFGs generation in 2015 was 7.717 × 107m³. Also the LFGs showed almost all the hazardous reactions with NOx and O3 in the atmosphere. As VOCs in LFGs mixed air emissions, we confirmed that toxic potential gases such as phosgene, hydrogen halides, halogenated organics, chlorinated amines and acidic fumes are generated.

Recently, renal traumas caused by traffic and industrial accidents have risen sharply due to rapid industrialization and an increase in automobiles. The evaluation of patients with suspected renal trauma relies mainly on clinical assessment, urinalysis and imaging studies. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 76 patients who presented to our hospital with renal trauma between January 2008 and December 2014. According to the review, A total of 76 patients presented to our hospital with suspected renal trauma. There were 61 male and 15 female between 2 and 83 years old. By cause, traffic accident was the most common cause of injury, accounting for 39 cases. The remaining injuries were caused by falls in 26 cases, assault in 8 cases and sports-related trauma in 3 cases. Surgical exploration was required in 18 patients for renal or associated injuries. We are of the opinion that close and prompt cooperation with other associated medical departments is mandatory in order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by multiple injury. Accurate renal injury staging was essential to successful management of traumatized patients.