Pesticide application in agriculture provides significant benefits such as protection from disease, prevention of harmful insects, and increased crop yields. However, accurate toxicological tests and risk assessments are necessary because of many related adverse effects associated with pesticide use. In this review, we discuss and analyze residual pesticides contained in livestock feed in Korea. A pesticide residue tolerance standard for livestock feed has not been precisely established; so, risk assessments are required to ensure safety. Standards and approaches for animal criteria and appropriate methods for evaluating residual pesticides are discussed and analyzed based on technology related to animal product safety in Korea. The safety of livestock feed containing pesticides is assessed to establish maximum residue limits relative to pesticides. Analysis of residual pesticides in milk, muscle, brain, and fat was performed with a livestock residue test and safety evaluation of the detected pesticide was performed. Efficacy of organic solvent extraction and clean-up of feed was verified, and suitability of the instrument was examined to establish if they are effective, rapid, and safe. This review discussed extensively how pesticide residue tolerance in livestock feed and hazard evaluation may be applied in future studies.

본 논문에서는 교육용 코딩퍼즐게임의 모델링에 대하여 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 유·아동에게 효과적인 형식의 코딩게임을 구현하며, 그 적합도를 평가한다. 시중에 출시된 여러 코딩퍼즐게임들의 핵심체계가 되는 학습개념, UI체계, 게임시스템의 특징과 문제점을 분석한 후, 이를 바탕으로 새로운 학습용 퍼즐게임을 개발한다. 개발된 게임의 학습개념, UI체계, 게임시스템을 소개하고, 개발된 게임을 실제로 적용한 어린이집 모의수업과 실습수업 진행과정에 대하여 기술한다. 실제로 게임을 실행하게 되는 아이들에게 있어서 적정 수준의 단계가 어느 정도인지를 판단하기 위해 개발된 게임에 대해서 어린이집 방과후 학습교사들의 평가로 개념의 시각화, 직관적 요소, 난이도 조절의 세 항목에 대하여 평가과정(각각 5점 만점)을 거쳤다. 그 결과로 개발된 게임은 직관적 요소에서 4.08점, 난이도 조절에서 3.72점, 개념의 시각화에서 3.44점을 나타내어 모두 보통 이상의 결과를 나타냈다. 개념의 시각화를 위해서는 개념 자체를 활용할 수 있는 포맷의 적용, 직관적 요소로 스테이지의 시작과 종료를 알리는 명확한 요소의 적용, 난이도 조절로는 연습문제 챕터의 적용이 주요한 것으로 나타났다.

TiO2-doped activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were successfully prepared as capacitive deionization (CDI) electrode materials by facile ultrasonication-assisted process. ACFs were treated with titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and isopropyl alcohol solutions of different concentrations and then calcinated by ultrasonication without heat-treatment. The results show that a certain amount of anatase TiO2 was present on the ACF surface. The specific capacitance of the TiO2-doped ACF electrode was remarkably improved (by 93.8% at scan rate of 50 mV s–1) over that of the untreated ACF electrode, despite decreases in the specific surface area and total pore volume upon TiO2 doping. From the CDI experiments, the salt adsorption capacity and charge efficiency of the sample with TTIP percent concentration of 15% were found to considerably increase by 71.9 and 57.1%, respectively. These increases are attributed to the improved wettability of the electrode, which increases the number of surface active sites and facilitates salt ion diffusion in the ACF pores. Additionally, the Ti-OH groups of TiO2 act as electrosorption sites, which increases the electrosorption capacity.

본 연구에서는 전문대학생들의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준, 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 파악하고자 하였다. 전문대학생들의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준이 스마트폰 중독에 미치는 영향을 밝히는데 목적을 두었다. 수집된 285부의 자료는 SPSS WIN 22.0 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였다. 첫째, 전문대학생의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준, 스마트폰 중독의 일반적 특성에 대해 살펴보았다. 둘째, 전문대학생의 자아존중감, 자아분화수준, 자아존중감, 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 상관관계분석을 실시하였다. 셋째, 스마트폰 중독에 영향을 미치는 자아존중감, 자아분화 수준의 영향력을 알아보기 위하여 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째 전문대학생들의 자아존중감이 낮아질수록 전문대학생들의 스마트폰 중독 정도 가 높아진다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 전문대학생들의 자아분화수준이 낮을수록 스마트폰 중독 정도가 높아진다는 것을 알 수 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 스마트폰으로 야기되는 문제들을 개선하고 건강하고 바람직한 스마트폰 사용 습관을 위한 프로그램의 기반이 되고자 한다.

Transcellular transport in epithelial cell is a method for absorbing calcium from intestine to blood, providing effective mechanism of utilizing calcium at low calcium intake. In this study, we aimed at theoretically developing a simple mechanistic model explaining transcellular transport in calcium absorption process. Transcellular calcium transport was schematized into 3 steps which were entry, diffusion, and extrusion. Each step was separately modeled to include the specific feature of them. In detail, electro-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and Michaelis-Menten kinetics were employed to model calcium entry, diffusion, and extrusion, respectively. Then, the developed models were numerically solved to find a solution which simultaneously satisfied 3 models under steady-state assumption. Result of model simulation was consistent with the known behavior of transcellular calcium absorption, showing that transcellular calcium transport became saturated with increase of luminal calcium concentration. Because transcellular calcium transport depends on calcium binding protein mediated by vitamin D we expect that this model can be used to find optimal regulatory point for increasing calcium absorption.

In this study, Bi-Sb-Te thermoelectric materials are produced by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). To examine the influence of the milling atmosphere on the microstructure and thermo-electric (TE) properties, a p-type Bi-Sb-Te composite powder is mechanically alloyed in the presence of argon and air atmospheres. The oxygen content increases to 55% when the powder is milled in the air atmosphere, compared with argon. All grains are similar in size and uniformly, distributed in both atmospheric sintered samples. The Seebeck coefficient is higher, while the electrical conductivity is lower in the MA (Air) sample due to a low carrier concentration compared to the MA (Ar) sintered sample. The maximum figure of merit (ZT) is 0.91 and 0.82 at 350 K for the MA (Ar) and MA (Air) sintered samples, respectively. The slight enhancement in the ZT value is due to the decrease in the oxygen content during the MA (Ar) process. Moreover, the combination of mechanical alloying and SPS process shows a higher hardness and density values for the sintered samples.

Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a notorious migratory pestand has caused significant damage in NortheastAsia including South Korea. For this reason, predicting occurrence time and distribution area considered to be an importantfor establishing early control plan. Because it cannot survive during the winter in South Korea and occurs seasonallydue to invasion from the southeast of China, general application of CLIMEX may not be adequate. Therefore, we appliedCLIMEX for analyzing seasonal occurrence M. separata of based on its growth index (GI) predicted in accordance withclimate. As a result, GI in southern region of South Korea began to occur at the earliest time and showed the highestvalue from the end of April to the beginning of September.

The confused taxonomy of the east Palaearctic pear psyllids, serious pests on cultivated pear, is reviewed. Fifty-sixnominal species have been reported from Pyrus, 25 of which we consider valid and ten as not being associated withPyrus. Our taxonomic revision suggests that, in Korea, four Cacopsylla species develop on pear. Three species occuralso in Japan. New synonyms are suggested and seasonal dimorphism are critically discussed.Key words : Psyllidae, Cacopsylla, taxonomy, host plant, Pyrus, Rosaceae, Manchrian pear, Asian pear, European pear, China,Japan, South Korea, Russian Far East

Prediction of the seasonal occurrence and potential distribution of agricultural pests has accomplished by software toolsimplementing species distribution models (SDMs). In this aspect, we used CLIMEX software to evaluate the seasonaloccurrence and potential distribution of Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), which is one of household mothsdamaging dried fruits in pantries. Based on the simulation, the beginning of period for suitable climate was predictedto be from mid-March to end-March, while it might be end in late October to early November. The peak time for P.interpunctella was ranged from early or mid-July to mid-August, but depended on local geography. When applying RCP8.5 climate change scenario, it was predicted that P. interpunctella would not occur due to intensive rainfall in July andAugust in 2060.

A new commercial cultivar ‘GARES-HM-17-1’ of Hypsizigus marmoreus was developed by the method of mono-mono crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from Hae-Sal 3Ho. The parental strains are characterized by the property of high quality and a short period of time in cultivation. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth was 25°C and that of fruiting body development was 15~16°C. The period of harvesting including primordia formation was 23.0 days shorter than that of control strain Mangadak No. 2. The color of pileus and stipe surface was neutral-white, respectively. The yield was 82.0±5.8g/850cc plastic bottle. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new commercial cultivar ‘GARES-HM-17-1’ showed a different profile as that of the control strain, Mangadak No.2, when RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer was used. This new cultivar ‘GARES-HM-17-1’ of H. marmoreus is characterized by the improved quality and a short period of time in cultivation after scratching. It would be of much help to expand the cultivation area of H. marmoreus.

Our understanding of dust emission, interaction, and evolution, is evolving. In recent years, electric dipole emission by spinning dust has been suggested to explain the anomalous microwave excess (AME), appearing between 10 and 90 Ghz. The observed frequencies suggest that spinning grains should be on the order of 10nm in size, hinting at polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules (PAHs). We present data from the AKARI/Infrared Camera (IRC) due to its high sensitivity to the PAH bands. By inspecting the IRC data for a few AME regions, we nd a preliminary indication that regions well-tted by a spinning- dust model have a higher 9 m than 18 m intensity vs. non-spinning-dust regions. Ongoing eorts to improve the analysis by using DustEM and including data from the AKARI Far Infrared Surveyor (FIS), IRAS, and Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) are described.

This study developed a smartphone addiction prevention program for adolescents based on narrative therapy. Its purpose was to examine the effectiveness of the narrative therapy program, and the way adolescents change from the application of the narrative therapy counseling technique. The study was conducted over a total of 90minute 8sessions, and it consisted of 11 participants separated into a test group and a control group. To verify the effectiveness of the program, pretest and posttests were performed on the two groups. The results of the study were as follows. The test group showed a significant change in tolerance, in the disturbance of adaptive functions, and in withdrawal on the smartphone addiction proneness scale. Thus, narrative therapy enabled positive changes in adolescents

A new commercial cultivar ‘GARES-HM-16-1’ of Hypsizigus marmoreus was developed by the method of mono-mono crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from KNR8047 and KNR8080. The parental strains are characterized by the property of high quality and a short period of time in cultivation respectively. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth was 25°C and that of fruiting body development was 15~16°C. The period of harvesting including primordia formation was 20.0 days shorter than that of control strain Mangadak No.2. The color of pileus and stipe surface was neutral-brown and pure white, respectively. The yield was 123.7±14.8g/850cc plastic bottle. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new commercial cultivar ‘GARES-HM-16-1’ showed a different profile as that of the control strain, Mangadak No.2, when RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer was used. This new cultivar ‘GARES-HM-16-1’ of Hypsizigus marmoreus is characterized by the improved quality and a short period of time in cultivation after scratching. It would be of much help to expand the cultivation area of Hypsizigus marmoreus.