Background : Tetraploid plants are bigger in the size of fruits, leaves, stems, and roots than diploid plants due to bigger cells attributed to chromosome multiplication. The advantage of tetraploid plants includes breakdown of self-incompatibility and increase of disease resistance. This study was carried out to gain tetraploid resources for breeding of new boxthorn varieties having pest resistance, higher yield, and self-compatibility. Methods and Results : Tetraploid lines and maternal varieties used in this study were C0148-10 and C0412-1 from Cheongyang-jaerae, M0148-94 and M0148-120 from Myongan, B0148-43 and B0148-78 from Bulro, D0148-62 and D0148-72 from Cheongdae, and Y0148-2 and Y0148-24 from Youngha. For organic acid composition of tetraploid lines and matrenal varieties, malic acid was highest as 1.47 – 4.6 ㎎/g in fruit, and citric acid and succinic acid were highest in leaf as 2.67 – 4.08 ㎎/g and 4.28 – 6.00 ㎎/g. Total organic acid content in root ranged from 1.78 to 3.23 ㎎/g, lower than in fruit and leaf. Of 11 fatty acids composing the boxthorn fruit, linoleic acid was highest as 25.36 – 50.33 ㎎/g. For leaf, linolenic acid was highest as 4.39 – 8.77 ㎎/g. Linoleic acid was highest as 1.65 – 6.98 ㎎/g of all fatty acids in root. 19 free amino acids were analyzed. Average content of essential amino acids in fruit was 6.64% and lysine was highest as 1.57%. Non-essential amino acid content was 8.26% and serine was highest as 2.72% of all non-essential amino acids in fruit. D0148-62 was highest in the total amino acid and the essential amino acid as 23.58% and 10.19%, respectively. Total amino acid content in leaf was 26.49%. Essential amino acid was 12.12% and leucine was highest as 2.08%. Non-essential amino acid was 14.37% and serine was highest as 4.61%. Total amino acid content in root was 13.25%. Essential amino acid was 6.66% and arginine was highest as 2.58%. Non-essential amino acid was 6.59% and serine was highest as 2.60%. Conclusion : Organic acid content increased in fruit of tetraploid lines and lines induced from Cheongyang-jaerae, Myongan, and Cheongdae were higher in contents of linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid, resulted in total fatty acid increasing. This shows several induced tetraploid boxthorn lines are very useful resources in breeding new varieties.

Background : The most problematic disease in Boxthorn is Anthracnose. New variety with Anthracnose-resistant is good for high yield and Safe fruit production in open field. Therefore it is necessary to develop a New variety with Anthracnose -resistant and high yield. Methods and Results : The new boxthorn line, CB10511-104 was selected from the cross between Cheongun (IT232599) and CB08456-113 to breed new variety with high yield and Anthracnose-resistant in 2011. Its preliminary yield test was performed from 2012 to 2013 and the selected line was named Cheongyang 25. Its regional yield trials were carried out in Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo for 3 years, from 2014 to 2016. Cheongyang 25 was registered as the new variety, Cheonggeum, in 2016. The specific characteristics were summarized as follows; Tree shape is open type and the leaf is round-lanceolate. The flowers are normal size and purple. The fruit is large size, round oval and yellowish red. The flowering was June 19 with medium flowering. Number of sprout branch by pruning was generated more than the check variety, Cheongmeong. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer was as strong as 39.6 percent. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was slightly similare compared to the check variety, but check variety was Anthracnose-resistant. The content of betaine and free sugar in dried-fruits were higher than that of the check variety. The dried-fruit yield was decreased about 17 percent in open field. Conclusion : This variety ‘Cheonggeum’ was suitable for cultivation in open field because of Anthracnose-resistant. It is necessary the companion variety, Cheonghong, because of self-incompatible.

Background : Angelica dahurica is the dried root of Angelica dahurica Bentham et Hooker f., a perennial plant belonging to the Umbelliferae family. Since its peak at 63 hectares in 2000, the cultivated area of Angelica dahurica dropped to its lowest level at 14 hectares in 2014 although there had been a short bounce back to 59 hectares in 2007. The decrease in the cultivated area has created a vicious cycle where even a small change in production amounts causes Angelica dahurica prices to fluctuate, leading farmers to become reluctant to cultivate the species. Therefore, this study aims to provide growers with new information on Angelica dahurica cultivation technology development, based on surveys and analyses of the difficulties and needs the farmers have. Methods and Results : Setting the nationwide Angelica dahurica farming households as the population, this study looked into 11 households of growers from main producing areas including Yeongju, Yeongcheon, and Bonghwa. Researchers carried out the survey by visiting the farmers and conducting face-to-face interviews using a prepared questionnaire. The survey was conducted for 2 months (from July to August 2016) to identify difficulties and specific characteristics of farming Angelica dahurica. SAS 9.2 was used for the statistical analysis. Conclusion : The surveyed types of difficulties identified were varieties, seeding, fertilization, pests, water management, weeding, soil, and drying. The results indicate that seeding (2.2) is the most serious difficulty, and water management (2.5), weeding (3.1), fertilization (3.7), pests (3.9) and others followed. Regarding specific technical problems, browning roots in the process of drying (61.5%) was the biggest concern along with germination after seeding (23.1%) and water management in the fields (15.4%). In response to the question about their willingness to expand farming in the future, no households showed intentions of expansion, while 36.4% reported intentions to reduce and 63.6% to maintain their current Angelica dahurica cultivation. The causes of weakening supply include low prices (54.5%), unreasonable pricing (36.4%), and difficulties in selling due to lack of retailers. Therefore, it seems necessary for the government to support sustainable Angelica dahurica farming by taking measures such as contract farming with herbal medicine circles, a minimum production cost guarantee system, or joint purchasing by the Agricultural Cooperative Association.

Background : The effective components of Omija(Schisandra chinensis Bailllon) are lignans (schizandrins and gomisins), and this components were contented mostly in seed part on Omija, which have various physiological functionalities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Methods and Results : This study was carried out to determine effective condition(CO2, CO2+ethanol) on extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) system and to find interrelation on effective components and antioxidant activity of extracts and residues obtained after extraction. Effective components were analysed lignans and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activirty was determined for DPPH radical scavenging ability on methanol extracts of SFE-extract and SFE-residue. On SFE with ethanol, SFE extract was separated two phase, upper(water phase) and lower(oil phase). SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content(61.36 mg/g, 72.14 mg/g on lower, 50.58 mg/g on upper) and the lowest total phenolic compounds(6.52 mg/100g) and SFE-residue showed the lowest total lignans content(1.45 mg/g) and the highest total phenolic compounds(16.23 mg/100g) by extracted on CO2+ethanol treatment. SFE-residue methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging abilities and SFE-extract upper showed the lowest. Conclusion : Thus, this results showed SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content, but SFE-residue showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability although the lowest total lignans content.

Background : Recently new breeding goal setting is required to develop new boxthorn variety with superior treats of bigger fruits, higher yield in fruits and sprout, pest tolerance, higher medicinal functionality, and self-compatiblity. Various genetic resources also should be retained for this goal. This study was carried out to obtain boxthorn tetraploid for breeding resource. Methods and Results : Colchicine concentration and treatment time for polyploid induction were 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6% and 12, 24, 36, 48hours respectively. Polyploid was identified by chromosome numbering of individuals by aceto-carmine stain which were examined for polyploid by flow cytomertry(Partec, PA-1) in advance. Conclusion : When cuttings of Cheongyang-jaerae were treated by colchicine to induce tetraploid, survival rate decreased as colchicine concentration and treatment time increased. Rate of individuals having over 30 chloroplast number of stomata guard cell was highest as 37.5% in colchine 0.1% and 48 hours treatment. 8 of them were identified as polyploid by flow cytometry and tetraploid induction efficiency was highest as 6.0% in colchine 0.1% and 48 hours treatment. According to chromosome number examination, 3 of 8 individuals were aneuploid and 5 were tetraploid.