상추는 수요가 연중 지속됨에 따라 재배면적과 생산량이 증가하고 있는데, 주로 생식으로 이용되며 수확간격 이 짧아 해충 다발생시 약제방제가 어려운 작물이다. 최근 검은무늬밤나방이 약제방제가 소홀한 포장에서 잎을 광포식하여 빠른 시간내에 직접적인 피해를 주고 있다. 본 연구에서는 검은무늬밤나방의 온도별 발육특성을 구명하여 방제를 위한 기초자료로 이용하고자 한다. 검은무늬밤나방은 시설재배 상추에 발생한 유충을 채집하 여 실내 사육 후 항온조건(15, 20, 25, 30℃)에서 발육단계별 발육기간을 조사하였다. 온도가 높아짐에 따라 각 태별 발육기간은 짧아지는 경향이었으며, 유충은 보통 4회 탈피하였다. 25℃에서 알기간은 2.5일, 유충기간 10.0 일, 전용기간 1.0일, 번데기기간 7.0일로 알에서 성충까지의 발육기간은 20.5일 이었다.

최근들어 평균 온도가 평년보다 높게 경과함에 따라 노지 작물에 발생이 많은 파밤나방, 담배거세미나방, 담배 나방의 발생소장을 2023년 전북 익산의 노지 고추포장에서 성페로몬트랩을 이용하여 조사하였다. 파밤나방은 4월 중순부터 채집되기 시작하였으나 채집량은 적었고 6월 중순, 7월 중순, 9월 상순, 9월 하순에 발생최성기를 보였다. 담배거세미나방은 5월 중순부터 채집되기 시작하여 6월 상순, 7월 상순, 8월 상순, 9월 상순, 11월 상순에 발생최성기를 보였으며 8월 하순이후 발생량이 많은 경향이었다. 담배나방은 5월 상순부터 발생하기 시작하여 6월 중순, 8월 상순, 9월 상순에 발생최성기를 보였으며 10월부터는 채집량이 적은 경향이었다.

The purpose of this study is to select various insect species for healing resources and develop a healing program in order to use insect as a healing agriculture. In this study, there are two kinds of breeding kit were developed, one for Gryllus bimaculatus and the other for Oxya chinensis sinuosa. Using these insect breeding kits, we conducted a survey of 60 children and the elderly. In the case of children, the results of the insect breeding satisfaction showed that 30.6% said that the sound of crickets was very good, and 11.1% said that it was good. In addition, the higher the child's awareness of insects, the higher the proportion of children who wanted to raise insects in the future. As a result of a survey of seniors, 45.2% do not like insects and 51.6% are not interested, meaning that most seniors are not very interested in insects. However, the emotions after breeding insects showed positive results, with 45.2% saying their personality became brighter, 48.4% reducing their anger, 48.4% relieving their irritation, 54.8% relieving loneliness, 58.1% feeling more responsible, and 51.6% developing intimacy.

갈색거저리 유충의 사료인 밀기울은 대부분 수입에 의존하고 있는데 일부 국가의 식량 수출 중단 조치 등에 따른 국제 곡물가격 상승으로 밀기울 가격은 인상되고, 식용곤충 판매가격이 하락하면서 생산비 절감을 위한 사료 개발이 요구되고 있다. 농업부산물 3종을 50% 이상 급이하게 되면 유충 생육이 저하되었기 때문에 본 연구는 적정한 배합비율을 선정하기 위해 첨가사료 20, 30% 함량으로 밀기울과 혼합하여 사료를 급이하였을 때 갈색거 저리 유충의 생육 특성과 영양성분 변화에 대해 밀기울만 제공한 대조구와 비교하였다. 부산물 A와 B, C를 각각 30% 함유한 처리구에서 갈색거저리 유충 무게는 대조구와 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 먹이소화율은 부산물B를 20% 함유한 처리구가 80.5%로 대조구에 비해 높았고, 부산물C 30% 처리구에서 72.6%로 가장 낮았다. 갈색거저 리 유충의 생육일수 100일 기준으로 부산물B 30% 처리구에서 용화율이 76.1%로 대조구보다 1.6배 높았으며, 부산물A 20% 처리구는 29.2%로 용화율이 가장 낮았다. 갈색거저리 유충의 조단백질 함량은 부산물 C 30% 처리 구에서 대조구보다 10.3% 증가하여 아미노산 분석을 진행한 결과 sarcosine과 ornithine이 2.5배 이상 증가하였다. 이를 통해 부산물 B나 C를 30% 함유한 사료를 급이하였을 때 사육 원가를 절감하여 유충을 생산할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The effective management of insect pests requires decisions based on monitoring information. In this study, we aimed to monitor insect species diversity and monthly occurrence patterns on the golf course using light traps. Sampling was conducted at Anyang Country Club, Korea, from May to October 2023. A total of 5,149 individuals were collected, with Lepidoptera and Coleoptera being the most abundant orders. Among them, there were six species (Agrotis ipsilon, Blitopertha orientalis, Heptophylla picea, Maladera orientalis, Parapediasia teterrella, and Spodoptera depravata) of insect pests that caused serious damage to the turfgrass. The results of this study could be used as data to establish efficient management strategies for turfgrass insect pests.

Vespa mandarinia (Vespidae: Hymenoptera) is one of the two largest true hornets known to science. The species is a noted predator of social Hymenoptera and a significant pest of managed honey bees in its native range, but is also known to feed on a wide variety of other species when available. Most of the prey records for V. mandarinia are derived from visual observations in Japan, with sparse observations from other parts of its native range. A population of V. mandarinia was detected in North America in 2019 and five nests were removed between 2019 and 2021. We extracted DNA from larval meconia from four nests collected in Washington State, USA, and amplified the CO1 region to determine the potential prey base. We compared these with sequences generated from three nests in the Republic of Korea, and with prey pellets collected from foraging hornets at several locations in Korea. Results indicate that the prey base was much wider in the ROK than the USA, although social Hymenoptera were the most abundant and common prey items in both regions. Prey range seems to be bound by an intersection of organism size and local biodiversity, with little evidence to suggest that the latter is a limiting factor in colony success.

Dystocia, a challenging condition in obstetrics, can arise from various causes, including fetal monsters with structural abnormalities. This case report presents a unique case of dystocia due to a fetal monster known as Perosomus Elumbis in a beetal breed goat from Pakistan. The 4-years-old pregnant doe presented with prolonged straining and failure to deliver the fetus after 8 hours of labor. Upon examination, the cervix was dilated, and only the forelimbs of the fetus were visible in the birth canal. The subsequent delivery involved the application of manual traction by using a dystocia kit, and the removal of edematous fluid from the legs. The monster fetus exhibited absence of hair growth, along with the absence of thoracic vertebrae. Two other fetuses were present, with one found dead and the other alive. Posttreatment involved fluid therapy, antibiotics, and supportive care for the doe. This case report sheds light on the occurrence of Perosomus Elumbis fetal monsters and their impact on dystocia in goat breeding. Understanding the underlying causes and implementing appropriate management strategies are crucial for successful outcomes in similar cases.

The strength criteria is the acceptable strength for allowable a vehicle start on a concrete pavement at an early age without causing significant damage. The different agencies have provided the strength criteria based on empirical judgement. To make more comprehensive, the ACI specification provided strength criteria by consideration traffic conditions, slab thicknesses, and slab support based on the concept of damage. However, its neglected to consider the damage caused by curling stress due to temperature gradient in concrete pavement. This research aims to provide a strength criteria for opening traffic on concrete pavements while taking into account the damage caused by curling stress and traffic loading. The tensile stress at critical locations was determine due to curling and traffic loads every hour of early age throughout different seasons. The fatigue damage taken throughout early age was assessed. After this procedure, the strength criteria was established as the evaluated damage that did not exceed an acceptable limit. Accordingly, the strength criteria for opening traffic was determined to ensure that the specified damage level existed subject to the construction season, construction period, traffic type, slab thickness, and slab support of concrete pavement.

The optimization of deacetylation process parameters for producing chitosan from isolated chitin shrimp shell waste was investigated using response surface methodology with central composite design (RSM-CCD). Three independent variables viz, NaOH concentration (X1), radiation power (X2), and reaction time (X3) were examined to determine their respective effects on the degree of deacetylation (DD). The DD of chitosan was also calculated using the baseline approach of the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the yields. RSM-CCD analysis showed that the optimal chitosan DD value of 96.45 % was obtained at an optimized condition of 63.41 % (w/v) NaOH concentration, 227.28 W radiation power, and 3.34 min deacetylation reaction. The DD was strongly controlled by NaOH concentration, irradiation power, and reaction duration. The coefficients of correlation were 0.257, 0.680, and 0.390, respectively. Because the procedure used microwave radiation absorption, radiation power had a substantial correlation of 0.600~0.800 compared to the two low variables, which were 0.200~0.400. This independently predicted robust quadratic model interaction has been validated for predicting the DD of chitin.

The conventional multi-scale modelling approach that predicts carbon nanotube (CNT) growth region in heterogeneous flame environment is computationally exhaustive. Thus, the present study is the first attempt to develop a zero-dimensional model based on existing multi-scale model where mixture fraction z and the stoichiometric mixture fraction zst are employed to correlate burner operating conditions and CNT growth region for diffusion flames. Baseline flame models for inverse and normal diffusion flames are first established with satisfactory validation of the flame temperature and growth region prediction at various operating conditions. Prior to developing the correlation, investigation on the effects of zst on CNT growth region is carried out for 17 flame conditions with zst of 0.05 to 0.31. The developed correlation indicates linear ( zlb=1.54zst +0.11) and quadratic ( zhb=zst(7-13zst )) models for the zlb and zhb corresponding to the low and high boundaries of mixture fraction, respectively, where both parameters dictate the range of CNT growth rate (GR) in the mixture fraction space. Based on the developed correlations, the CNT growth in mixture fraction space is optimum in the flame with medium-range zst conditions between 0.15 and 0.25. The stronger relationship between growth-region mixture-fraction (GRMF) and zst at the near field region close to the flame sheet compared to that of the far field region away from the flame sheet is due to the higher temperature gradient at the former region compared to that of the latter region. The developed models also reveal three distinct regions that are early expansion, optimum, and reduction of GRMF at varying zst.

Background: The flexible flatfoot is characterized by a flattening of the foot arch due to excessive bodyweight. The use of shoe insoles or taping methods has been identified as effective in realigning the navicular or calcaneus bones and addressing supination in pronated feet. Objects: This study aimed to analyze the difference between the arch taping attachment method, introduced in a previous study, and a novel taping method designed to provide support to the inner aspect of the heel bone in cases of flexible flatfoot. Methods: A navicular drop test was performed to discriminate flexible flatfoot. To analyze the differences in pressure distribution during walking for each taping method, the subjects underwent testing in the barefoot state with no attachments. The procedure included a sequence of arch taping and heel taping. Subsequent analysis of pressure distribution during walking utilized the GaitRite® system (GAITRite Gold, CIR Systems Inc.). Results: Arch taping and calcaneus taping significantly reduced the integrated pressure over time and peak pressure on the medial side of the midfoot for both feet compared to the barefoot state. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that supporting the inside of the heel through calcaneus taping, without direct stimulation to the longitudinal arch and navicular bone, is an effective intervention for flexible flatfoot.

Background: Ankle sprains occur frequently among humans who undertake various body movements. Diverse walking environments and dual tasks, that can affect ankle sprains, have been studied. However, there is a lack of research on inter-trial variability according to the changes in gait speed. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the adaptive ability of walking between the subjects with chronic ankle instability and healthy adults while performing a walking task with different walking speeds. Methods: In this study, 24 people in the chronic ankle instability group and 24 people in the healthy ankle group were selected as subjects. The length of the pre-measurement and the actual walking measurement were both set to 4.6 m. Once the subjects entered the measurement section, they changed their gait speed according to the randomly assigned speed change. Gait was measured twice and the average value was used for the analysis. Results: The coefficient of variation (CV) of cycle time in subjects with chronic ankle instability showed a significant difference in all cases except when the subjects changed their speed from preferred to slow and from slow to preferred. The CV of step length demonstrated a significant difference in all cases except for the change from slow to preferred and from preferred to fast. The cycle time and step length differential showed a significant difference only when the subjects changed the speed from slow to fast. Conclusion: The subjects with chronic ankle instability were found to have significantly reduced walking adaptability while performing inter-trial variability tasks with different gait speeds compared to healthy subjects.

In this research, the marine medaka Oryzias javanicus underwent a 96 h exposure to two concentrations of the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi (1,000 and 5,000 cells mL-1), and the temporal variations in biochemical responses related to antioxidant and immunity parameters were assessed in the liver tissue. The study revealed a significant increase in ichthyotoxicity with elevated cell concentrations of K. mikimotoi, especially evident at 96 h in marine medaka exposed to 5,000 cells mL-1. At 1,000 cells mL-1 of K. mikimotoi, the opercular respiratory rate showed a significant increase, whereas exposure to 5,000 cells mL-1 resulted in a lowered rate. The intracellular malondialdehyde content was significantly elevated in response to both cell concentrations at 96 h. Regarding glutathione content, levels were significantly increased by exposure to both cell concentrations. Catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activities experienced an increase at 1,000 cells mL-1 of K. mikimotoi, while their activities were reduced at 5,000 cells mL-1 at 96 h. The analysis of two immunity parameters, alternative complement pathway and lysozyme, demonstrated significantly reduced activities in the liver tissue exposed to 5,000 cells mL-1 of K. mikimotoi. These findings aim to enhance the understanding of K. mikimotoi toxicity in marine fish by offering insights into biochemical responses associated with harmful algal blooms.

미학은 아름다운 것, 세련된 취향에 대한 인식이며 미적 판단의 기준이 되는 속성은 철학적 고찰의 기초이다. 사유와 이미지의 전경을 연구하는 예술적 감각적 인식을 통해 하나됨이 달성되는 더 높은 공감 경험을 경험하는 것이다. 여기서 미학은 불교의 명상적 침묵과 관련이 있다. 그러나 침묵은 중재적일 뿐만 아니라 종종 이 현대 세계의 핵심까지 고통스럽게 만든다. 고통은 심리적 혼란 및 무력감과 관련이 있다. 현대 영문학은 그러한 사례로 가득 차 있다. 본 연구 논문은 미적 행복을 연구하고 동서양 문화의 통일성을 평가하고자 한다. 상황적 침묵에 대한 비교 연구와 세상에 강요된 무력한 상황에서 벗어나기 위해 “은둔의 길”이 필요한 이유를 이해한다. 여기서는 텍스트 분석과 문맥적 의미를 연구하는 데 중점을 둔다. W.B 예이츠, T.S. 엘리엇, 필립 라킨 등이 해석의 원천으로 연구되고 있으며, 일본의 고전 미인 작품인 가모노초메이의 호조키와 기타 미학적 분류는 침묵 속에서 미학을 이해하는 일차적 수단이다.

The Syrian crisis has been persisting for more than eleven years, but shows no signs of resolution or end yet. Various reports from the United Nations and other reputable organizations have extensively documented a multitude of atrocities perpetrated by all factions involved in the conflict. This article examines the Syrian crisis from a perspective of international law. The author analyses the legal justifications put forward by the parties involved in the conflict, including humanitarian intervention, the responsibility to protect, etc. This research paper employs an analytical and descriptive research methodology. The finding concludes that the Syrian Civil War is not likely to be over for the foreseeable future in spite of many efforts under international law. The author also finds that there have been numerous violations of international law by both sides in the conflict related to human rights and humanitarian protection.

This research examines the rescue of refugees at sea in the context of international law and human rights. The article focuses on the search and rescue obligations outlined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The article also discusses other international initiatives relevant to the rescue of refugees at sea, including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea and the Global Compact on Refugees. The challenges surrounding the rescue of refugees at sea are also analysed, including issues such as delays and refusals in assistance. The authors further explore disagreements over responsibility and jurisdiction in rescue operations involving refugees. Finally, the article underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of international legislation and basic humanitarian principles when addressing the rescue of refugees at sea. It offers insights into potential solutions for addressing the challenges and controversies encountered in these rescue operations.

In the dismantling of nuclear power plants, various forms of radioactive gaseous waste are generated when cutting concrete and metal structures. Large amounts of radioactive dust and aerosols generated during the cutting process of each structure can cause radiation exposure to the environment around the workplace and to the radiation exposure in the body of workers. When cutting structures, water is sprayed to reduce the generation of aerosols, so early saturation of the filter is expected due to radioactive aerosols and fine particles containing a large amount of moisture. A mobile air purification device is being developed to a fast and efficient air purifier that can be used for a long time operation to protect workers from radiation exposure in high radiation areas and to minimize the amount of secondary waste generated. In this paper, the direction for a new concept of unit technology that can achieve the development purpose is described.

KORAD (Korea Radioactive Waste Agency, http://www.korad.or.kr) has stored slightly contaminated ascon (asphalt coated concrete mixture) that was introduced to Gyeongju repository about a decade ago waiting for a final disposal. It is believed to be mainly contaminated by radioisotope 137Cs due to impurities introduced from the outside during the ascon manufacturing process. We studied characteristics of the radioactive waste to see whether this material would be proper enough to be disposed in Gyeongju LILW repository or be other ways to reduce the disposal volume including self-disposal before its final disposal otherwise. KORAD looked into the properness of characteristics of ascon in terms of WAC (Waste Acceptance Criteria) documented by KORAD that includes general chemical and physical properties of asphalt, density, size of grains, content of organic material and possibility of existence of chelate materials that qualitatively limited to be disposed by the criteria. And other associated characteristics such as gas generation and bio degradation were also investigated. Based on the data obtained from the study, we proposed various plausible solutions in associated with operational and disposal safety and economic view points. This study will be used for KORAD’s decision on how to control and safely dispose the spent ascon within a reasonable time period. And also those experiences may be applied for other LILW issues that require treatment or conditioning of radioactive wastes in the future.