The purpose of this study is to investigate affective factors that distinguish the high spoken English use group from the low spoken English use group among Korean EFL middle school students. This study focuses on the variables of communication strategy, willingness to communicate, self-concept, motivation, and anxiety. A questionnaire on communication strategy, willingness to communicate, self-concept, motivation, anxiety, and the use of spoken English was designed and administered to 112 students of eighth grade in a province. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) the middle school students’ levels of extrinsic motivation and speaking anxiety were high, while the levels of self-concept, intrinsic motivation, and the use of spoken English were low, (2) the highest positive relationship was found between willingness to communicate (WTC) and the use of spoken English, while the highest negative relationship was observed between speaking anxiety and the use of spoken English, (3) willingness to communicate (WTC), academic self-concept, and communication anxiety were statistically significant factors that distinguished the high spoken English use group from the low spoken English use group. Based on the findings, some suggestions were made in regard to helping students improve their use of spoken English.

The primary objective of this study was to explore the relationship between L2 reading motivation and L2 reading strategy use. 283 Chinese college EFL students participated in this study. They answered a questionnaire with 65 items that measured the three constructs of reading motivation, reading strategy use and their self-perceived reading proficiency. Confirmatory factor analyses were applied to check the validity of each construct. Based on their motivation scores, the subjects were divided into different clusters; 22.6% of the subjects to the most highly motivated cluster; 34.4% to the moderately motivated cluster; 43.1% to the least motivated cluster. Discriminant analysis showed that such variables as advanced comprehension strategies, repetition and comprehension enhancing strategies were statistically significant variables that distinguished the three groups from each other. These results imply that EFL learners may be instructed to be aware of the importance of L2 reading motivation and L2 reading strategies for improving their L2 reading proficiency.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the English learning strategies of the students who participated in flipped class and to develop teaching methods to induce the students’ learning strategies. For this purpose, 108 high school students responded to the English learning strategy questionnaire and a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted based on the results. Through the confirmatory factor analysis, the characteristics of four English learning strategies such as exploring, fulfilling, demanding and sharing were confirmed. The verified characteristics were statistically significant by examining goodness fit. Students have a strong tendency to constantly try new learning methods; exploring, strive to obtain visible performance and substantial rewards; fulfilling, maintain a constant attitude of seeking and collaborating with friends and teachers around them; demanding, and tried to share learning contents; sharing. Considering the characteristics of these learning strategies, teachers in flipped class need to develop an assessment system that provides students with reconstructed textbooks in various aspects, give them instant and continuous learning achievement, provide active feedback, and create a learning atmosphere where project learning can be organized efficiently.

This study explores whether there are any differences between the scores of amotivation, extrinsic motivation, and intrinsic motivation of a middle school group and a high school group. It examines the effects of two factors on the difference in the scores of each motivation subtype: whether students receive private education, and when students first start learning English. T-test results indicate higher scores for the middle school group in all the subtypes than for the high school group. Statistical significance was not obtained in support of the effect of private education. The group that started learning English in the third grade of elementary school showed a higher amotivation mean score than the group that started in the first or second grade. Also, amotivation was proven to be a viable variable to group subjects with in addition to extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation, supporting the motivation system proposed in Selfdetermination Theory. These results imply that teachers need to understand motivation as a dynamic construct and attempt to promote it through groupspecific approaches in English classrooms.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the motivational factors of Korean middle and high school students in learning English. Additionally, the current study examined whether there were any differences between high school students and middle school students in therms of the motivational subtypes. 172 middle and high school students participated in this study. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to address the research questions. For analysis, data was collected through a questionnaire adopted from the Language Learning Orientation Scale (LLOS) of Noels et al. (2003). The results indicated that the hypothesized model, which includes seven motivational sub-types of self- determination theory, was acceptable to measure Korean secondary students’ motivational factors, showing good fits in most fit indices. The seven dimensions of motivation that the current study explored were amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, intrinsic motivation-accomplishment, intrinsic motivationknowledge, and intrinsic motivation-stimulus. Also, the study found that the difference between the middle school group and the high school group was not significant in terms of their motivational orientation. A meaningful implication of this study was the scale’s possible use by secondary English teachers.