This study investigated the seasonal occurrence of bark and wood-boring Coleoptera in Pinus densiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) (Pinales: Pinaceae), and Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) (Pinales: Pinaceae) stands using multi-funnel traps baited with pine volatiles in Korea. The number and species of bark and woodboring beetles caught in traps baited with ethanol, α-pinene, and ethanol+α-pinene were compared to determine the effective attractants. In addition, the effects of other pine volatiles, such as (-)-β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, (±)-limonene, β-myrcene, and 3-carene, were investigated. A total of 13,134 wood-boring beetles from 150 species were collected from pine and larch stands from 2019 to 2020. Tomicus minor (Hartig) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults were more attracted to traps baited with α-pinene, whereas Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Cyclorhipidion pelliculosum (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Phloeosinus pulchellus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults were more attracted to traps baited with ethanol. Hylurgops interstitialis (Chapuis) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Shirahoshizo genus group, Rhagium inquisitor (Linne) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Rhadinomerus maebarai (Voss & Chûjô) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were more frequently attracted to traps baited with ethanol+α-pinene than to traps baited with other attractants. The addition of 3-carene to ethanol+α-pinene enhanced the capture of H. interstitialis, R. inquisitor, and Hylobius (Callirus) haroldi (Faust) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Global warming and changes in ecosystems are either causing a rapid decline in insect diversity on earth or, on the other hand, are increasing the likelihood of unexpected insect pests emerging. This study summarizes and reports the followings: Introduction to the Insects of Red Data Book of Korea and Nationally Protected species, the establishment of monitoring strategy for exotic insects by the investigation of species distribution range through field surveys and others, the dispersal of exotic insects, and with the expansion of exotic insects and development of ecosystem impact prediction model.

전 세계적으로 농업해충의 약제 저항성 발달에 따른 방제 효율 저하는 농약의 과다 사용을 초래하여 농업의 생산성 저하 및 환경 파괴 문제 등을 야기하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 위생해충의 경우에도 약제 저항성 발달이 심각한 수준으로 나타남에 따라 인류 보건에 큰 위협이 되고 있다. 해충의 약제 저항성은 자연계에 존재하는 극히 낮은 빈도의 저항성 형질이 반복적인 약제 사용에 따라 선발되는 과정을 통해 발달 되는데, 해충 약제 저항성의 효과적 관리를 위해서는 저항성 발달 기작의 규명과 신속·정확한 진단법의 확립이 필수적이다. 현재까지의 저항성 관리 는 저항성 발달 후 대응적(reactive)으로 이루어져 왔으나, 미래에는 보다 다양한 분자 마커를 활용하여 저항성 형질 빈도를 관리 가능한 수준에서 유지하는 선제적(proactive) 저항성 관리도 가능할 것으로 예상하고 있다. 본 발표에서는 해충 약제 저항성 연구의 현재 상황과 미래 전망에 대해 소개하고자 한다.

In light of global climate change, Korea faces significant challenges with indigenous mosquito-borne diseases, notably malaria and Japanese encephalitis. Moreover, there is a growing incidence of imported arboviral diseases attributable to the increasing number of international travelers. Dengue fever emerges as the predominant mosquito-borne ailment among Korean travelers, while cases of Japanese encephalitis and chikungunya are also seeing an upward trend. Many countries have witnessed arboviral infections transmitted by pathogens-carrying mosquitoes, primarily due to the introduction of viruses by travelers. Additionally, the ongoing processes of global warming and urbanization are creating increasingly favorable environments for mosquitoes and the proliferation of mosquito-borne pathogens. This underscores the urgency of assessing both the current status and future projections of mosquito-borne diseases in Korea.

As the size of the gaming market continues to grow, game engines like Unity and Unreal are constantly being developed and updated for multi-platform support. In particular, Unity divides the Render Pipeline to be used. Among them, the Universal Render Pipeline (URP) has the advantage of supporting various platforms while improving performance by reducing draw calls and batches at the same quality settings and reducing the load on the CPU and GPU. However, only limited global illumination is supported in the real-time 3D rendering area within URP, such as Baked GI and Enlighten GI, and Enlighten GI will be deprecated after 2024LST, so real-time global illumination is not available in URP, which may reduce the realism and immersion of global illumination in games or applications that use URP. The main objective of this research is to incorporate precomputed spherical harmonics into URP to enable dynamic GI updates in real-time. The approach proposed in this research is to compute the coefficients of spherical harmonics offline and then run them within the URP rendering pipeline, where work exists to effectively simulate dynamic lighting conditions. To demonstrate this, experiments were conducted by changing the rotation and color of the lights, and a comparative analysis was performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theory proposed in this work.

몇 종의 주요 농작물 해충에 대한 식물추출물(cinnamon extract 5% + citronella oil 10% + citrus oil 30% + derris extract 10% + neem extract 20% + penetrating surfactant 25%)의 살란 효과를 분무법으로 검정하였다. 노린재류의 경우 알이 부화하는 과정에서 치사하는 경향을 보였다. 식물추출물(500배액) 처리시 썩덩나무노린재(Halyomorpha halys), 톱다리개미허리노린재(Riptortus clavatus), 홍비단노린재(Eurydema dominulus), 온실가루이(Trialeurodes vaprarorium), 담배가루이(Bemisia tabaci), 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua), 검거세미밤나방(Agrotis ipsilon) 에 대한 최종 살란 효과는 100%로 높게 나타나, 향후 산업화가 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

시설 고추 주요 해충인 꽃노랑총채벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis)의 방제를 위해 유기농업자재들의 단독 처리 및 종합 투입시 방제 효과를 검정 하였다. 황색끈끈이롤트랩은 지제부에 설치하고, 포식성 천적(Hypoaspis miles)은 지제부에 접종하며, 식물추출물(커스터드애플시드 오일 50% + 계 피 추출물 10%)은 경엽살포하는 방식으로써 각각의 단독 처리시 방제 효과는 45.3, 36.6, 50.2%였다. 한편, 3종의 유기농업자재들을 종합 투입했을 경우 고추 수확기 방제 효과가 무처리 대비 62.4~80.9%로 유지되어, 시설 고추 꽃노랑총채벌레 친환경 방제용으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

The present study aimed to analyze the developmental trajectories of English achievement and exposure time through private education, utilizing univariate and multivariate latent growth curve analysis. This study used a subset of the Gyeonggi Education Panel Study data from 2012 to 2017. The results indicated consistent disparities in the growth of English achievement, depending on the student’s proficiency levels at the starting point. In particular, the early exposure to private tutoring was significantly and closely related to the initial status and the growth trajectory of English achievement. When the sample was classified by urbanicity, the findings suggested that the gap in English achievement was likely to increase over time across the two regions, with a stronger correlation with private tutoring found in urban areas. These results underscore the need for educational intervention for students in less advantageous conditions, and they provide valuable pedagogical implications for teaching English in the Korean EFL context.

본 연구를 통해 국내에 분포하는 중기문응애류 중 파리응애과의 Holostaspella crenulata Krantz, 1967 (톱니무늬파리응애, 신칭) 와 화살응애 과의 Lasioseius floridensis Berlese, 1916 (가슴선화살응애, 신칭) 를 처음으로 확인하고, 각 종에 대한 분류학적 진단과 분포정보, 성충의 현미경사 진과 도판을 제시하였다.

Halictidae 전 세계적으로 3,500종 이상 발견된 큰 그룹이며 사람들의 땀에 이끌리는 특성을 보여 Sweat bee라는 이름으로 불린다. 이번 연 구에서는 꼬마꽃벌과에 속하는 Halictus hedini hedini Blüthgen, 1934을 한국에서 처음으로 보고한다. 본 종의 기재, 분포정보, 그리고 삽화를 제공 한다.

Recently, ESG management has become a global trend, receiving increasing attention from stakeholders such as consumers, investors, and governments, as regulations related to ESG disclosure and supply chain due diligence have been strengthened since the United Nations Principles of Responsible Investment (UN PRI) was announced in 2006. ESG is an acronym for the environment (E), social (S), and governance (G) and is accepted as a key factor for the continuous survival and growth of a company. As a result, there are over 600 ESG management evaluation indicators operated domestically and internationally, and numerous global initiatives have emerged. Korea’s Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy also announced “K-ESG Guidelines (December 2011)” and “K-ESG Guidelines for Supply Chain Response (December 22)” to help SMEs introduce ESG management and respond to supply chain due diligence. However, small-scale manufacturing companies with poor financial, human resources, and technological capabilities face significant challenges in introducing ESG management. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the current status of ESG management adoption in small-scale manufacturing companies with less than 150 people in Korea and propose activation plan ESG management based on the diagnostic requirements of the “Supply Chain Response K-ESG Guidelines.”

Lee, En Hye, & Lee, Chee Hye. (2024). “Phonological Aspects of American and British Englishes Embedded in Korean English: A Perspective of Linguistic Realities”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 32(1), 43-74. This paper explores the rationale behind the shift from Quirk’s deficit linguistics to Kachru’s liberation linguistics in English widely used in Korea. Despite the Korean government’s efforts to enhance communicative competence aligned with Inner Circle-oriented American Standard English, the study questions the perception of Korean English being solely dominated by American English from sociolinguistic perspectives. To delve into both psychological and empirical perspectives on English in Korea, a questionnaire survey involving 100 Korean college students is employed. The focus is on assessing the extent of influence from both American English and British English on Korean English. Additionally, the study examines how linguistic realities, disregarding sociolinguistic or functional aspects, contribute to the current state of Korean English. The analysis of survey data reveals that Korean linguistics, especially phonology, plays a role in shaping the dynamics of Korean English, supporting Kachru’s liberation linguistics. This contributes to the shift from the stage of aspiring to be more native-like American English to the stage of World Englishes, establishing itself as a variant of English in its own right.

Background: Sperm quality and the number of sperm introduced into the uterus during artificial insemination (AI) are pivotal factors influencing pregnancy outcomes. However, there have been no reports on the relationship between sperm concentration at AI and sperm quality in Hanwoo cattle. In this study, we examined sperm quality and pregnancy rates after AI using sperm inseminated at different concentrations. Methods: We evaluated the motility, viability, and acrosomal membrane integrity of sperm at different concentrations (10, 15, 18, and 20 million sperm/straw) in 0.5-mL straws. Subsequently, we compared the pregnancy rates after AI with different sperm concentrations. Results: After freeze-thawing, sperm at the assessed concentrations showed similar viability and acrosomal membrane integrity. After AI, cattle in the 10 million group had significantly lower pregnancy rates compared to those in the 18 and 20 million groups. Conversely, there were no statistically significant variances observed between cattle in the 10 and 15 million groups. Conclusions: Sperm at concentrations of 10, 15, 18 and 20 million per straw exhibited comparable motility, viability, and acrosomal membrane integrity. However, a concentration of at least 18 million sperm per straw is required to achieve a consistent rate of pregnancy rate in Hanwoo cattle after AI.

목적 : 본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 제8기(2019-2021) 원시자료를 이용하여, 생체지표를 통한 휘발성 실내환 경요인(휘발성 유기 화합물, VOCs)과 백내장의 연관성을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법 : 백내장 의사진단 여부 및 가정 실내공기질 측정에 참여한 만 40세 이상의 성인 총 1,150명을 대상으로 하였다. 일반적 특성에 따른 휘발성 실내환경요인의 농도와 백내장의 유 ‧무에 따른 휘발성 실내환경요인의 농도를 비교하기 위해 복합표본 기술통계 분석과 로지스틱회귀분석을 하였다. p<0.050인 경우 유의한 것으로 판단하였다. 결과 : 대부분의 실내 휘발성 환경오염물질의 생체지표는 백내장을 진단받은 대상자에서 높게 나타났다. 특히 Benzene, Xylene, Acrolein, 1-Bromopropane, 1,3-Butadiene의 생체지표 평균농도(GM)가 백내장 진단받은 대상자들이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 연령, 성별, 결혼, 알콜, 흡연, 소득을 보정한 복합표본 로지스틱회귀분석에 서, 1,3-Butadiene의 생체지표는 약 2배(OR 1.905(95% CI: 1.001, 3.625))의 위험도로 백내장에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 기존에 밝혀지지 않은 휘발성 실내환경요인과 백내장의 연관성을 파악함으로써, 일부 휘발성 실내환경물질은 백내장의 원인물질로 작용할 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다.

글로벌 게임시장의 성장에 따라 국내 게임이용자도 손쉽게 다양한 국가에서 접할 수 있게 되 었다. 그리고 이러한 글로벌 경쟁 속에서 현실의 다양한 문화 창의적으로 반영한 게임이 점증 하고 있다. 대표적인 것이 중국의 호요버스가 개발한 해제 월드 형<원심>으로, 해당 콘텐츠는 캐릭터와 공간디자인에 다양한 국가의 문 것이 특징이다. 이때 의상디자인은 캐릭터의 성격과 매력을 효과적으로 이국적인 특색을 드러내는 기호라는 점에서 특히 중요하다. 이에 이 글은 먼저 캐릭터 의상과 의상 기호에 관한 검토하고, <원심>의 문화 활용 전략을 간단히 살펴보았 다. 이후 퍼스의 기호학을 활용해 중국의 문화적 특색을 반<원신> 캐릭터 ‘운근’을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, <원신>의 캐릭터 디자인전략은 중국의 풍부한 문화적 문맥을 중심 코드를 적극적으 로 빌리는 한편, 캐릭터 성을 부각하는 방향으로 의상 구성요소를 변형 시 나타났다. 이후 분 석 결과를 바탕으로 차후 연구를 위한 발전 방향을 제시하였다..

This study utilized text mining analysis to identify keywords used in the research of gray mold (Botrytis cinerea), taking into account horticultural crops, environmental or physical treatments, and chemical or material factors. Data spanning from 1980 to 2021 was gathered from ScienceON and interpreted using word cloud visualization analysis following post-processing. Morphological analysis and coding were conducted using the text mining packages library tm provided by the R program. Our review of B. cinerea included and analyzed 7,342 papers. Among the extracted words, those related to crops and ranking in the top 10 were tomato, strawberry, grape, apple, cucumber, bean, kiwifruit, rose, pepper, and pear. roses were the only flower in the top 10 horticultural crops. Research has explored environmental or physical treatment factors such as storage, temperature, cold, seasons, humidity, heat/hot UV-C, sprays, films, and coatings. Chemical or material words included fungicide, chitosan, ethylene, oil, ROS, ABA, VOC, glucose, carbon, and ethanol.

Glutamate-mediated oxidative stress causes neuronal cell death by increasing intracellular Ca2+ uptake, reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to the nucleus. In the current study, we demonstrated that corydaline exerts potent neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Treatment with 5 mmol/L glutamate increased cellular Ca2+ influx, ROS generation, MAPK activation, and AIF translocation. In contrast, corydaline treatment decreased cellular Ca2+ influx and ROS generation. Western blot analysis revealed that glutamate-mediated MAPK activation was attenuated by corydaline treatment. We further demonstrated that corydaline treatment inhibited the glutamate-mediated translocation of AIF to the nucleus. We propose that corydaline is a promising lead structure for the development of safe and effective neuroprotectants.

This study evaluated the risk of single and combined exposure to microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) through biomarkers, such as survival rate, excretion rate, and histological alterations of organ systems. The experimental groups were the control (Cont.), single microplastics exposure group (MPs, 1.83%/fish total weight (g)), the copper group (Cu, 21.6 μg L-1), and a group with combined exposure to MPs and copper (MPs*Cu). The experiment was conducted with individual exposure (7 days) for MP excretion rate analysis and group exposure (14 days) for biomarker analysis. The daily excretion rate of MPs tended to decrease in a time-dependent manner. The copper concentration in the body was not significantly different between single and combined copper exposure. The degeneration of mucous cells in the skin, capillary dilation of the gill lamella, increased intestinal mucous, hepatocyte hypertrophy, and the degeneration of glomeruli and renal tubules were observed in all exposure groups. These histological alterations showed the highest tendency in the MPs*Cu group. In this study, the changes in biomarkers were attributed to the single effect of copper or the combined effect of copper and MPs rather than being solely influenced by MPs.

In response to the expanding landscape of the biotechnology industry and the increasing demand for comprehensive drug development as well as the conduct of preclinical and clinical trials, there is a growing need for employment of diverse animal models, including both small and large animals. The focus of this study was on refining ex vivo culture techniques for bioluminescence imaging following administration of intradermal injections in large animals. To examine the feasibility of our approach, varying concentrations of the rFluc protein were administered to rats and live imaging was employed to validate the corresponding levels of expression. Subsequently, following administration of rFluc to mini-pigs, ex vivo analyses were performed on sample tissues to assess the levels of protein expression across different concentrations. In particular, optimal culturing conditions that facilitated the sustained expression of the protein in samples post-euthanasia were identified. Moreover, by employing small animal imaging devices, we were able to capture clear images of the sample plates, which provided evidence of the successful application of our experimental techniques. The findings from this research represent a significant effort toward refining bioluminescence imaging methods tailored for use with large animal models—an imperative facet of contemporary drug development and biomedical research.

Background: The reduction in physical activity in stroke patients weakens their health and lowers their quality of life. There is a need for the development of effective exercise programs to enhance the physical activity of chronic stroke patients. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a rehabilitation sports program using Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) on the body composition, physical function, and quality of life of stroke. Design: Single group study. Methods: This study was conducted on 9 chronic stroke patients. The exercise program, which applied PNF, was carried out in group sessions twice a week for 50 minutes each over 8 weeks. Participants were assessed before and after the exercise program using InBody, Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Grip Strength, 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Functional Reach Test (FRT), and completed the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-tests for pre- and post-exercise comparisons and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for evaluating the effects of the exercise program. Results: The results of this study showed differences in weight (P>.05), BMI(P>.05), body fat (P>.05), FMA-UE (P<.05), Grip Strength (P<.05), 10MWT (P<.05), TUG (P<.05), FRT (P<.05), SF-36 (P<.05). Conclusion: This suggests that the rehabilitation sports program using PNF can be used as an exercise program to enhance physical activity, improving physical function and quality of life in chronic stroke patients.